This web page is a basic introduction to the program.  More complete descriptions of the program and tutorials can be found in the printed manual and the item by item descriptions of the Drawing Window menus and the Database Window menus.

 

Two tips on installation

 

 

1. The first time you use the program you will want to initialize the links to companion programs.  Below are some default settings (File menu/Initialize Links).  If you install the program in some directory other than c:\molsuite\mmp then the filenames below should be changed to reflect this.  MMP+ should do this automatically.  If you do not have ChemSite then that text box should be left blank.  If you have a Brookhaven pdb file viewer put its filename in the Protein data base viewer box below (Rasmol, found as freeware on the internet is an example).  If you check Open in database mode and give a database file name, that database will open every time you open MMP+.

 

 

 

Note: Your path name will not be c:\molsuite\mmp if you installed the program in a different directory.

 

Drawing Molecules

 

Drawing molecules is easy with this program.  Before starting note that a blue message box often appears near the top of the screen which contains information on the status of the drawing window and which will help guide you through the drawing process.

  • The first atom: Select the atom type if other than carbon from the buttons at the left of the screen (select other if not H, C, H, N, O, F, P, S, Cl, Br, or I).  Click on the drawing screen and the atomic symbol for the atom appears on the screen.
  • Subsequent atoms: If the next atom is not the same atom type, select the atom type again. Select the bond type (the 1, 2 or 3 button near the left of the screen) if other than a single bond.  Click on the atomic symbol at the screen center.  The diatomic molecule is drawn as a line with the atoms at either end of the line.  Repeat this step as desired to draw the molecule.  Click on the atom you wish to add to after selecting the atom type and bond type.  If you are not changing the atom type and bond type then you do not have to select them.  Bond lengths and angles are drawn using correct values from the literature.  Molecules are drawn 3-dimensional, not 2-dimensional.  If the molecule goes off the edge of the screen use the "Center" button near the top of the screen to center the molecule.  If because of the 3-D nature of the molecule the atom you wish to add to is difficult to click on, rotate the molecule by holding down the right mouse button.  Holding the mouse button down at the top or bottom of the screen rotates the molecule along the x axis and holding it down near the left or right sides of the screen rotates the molecule around the y axis.  You can speed up the rotations by hitting the "<" and ">" buttons which appear near the upper left of the screen while rotating.
  • Adding rings:  Most of the rings commonly found in organic chemistry are in the ring library that comes with the program and the list of these rings is accessed through the Ring button found at the left of the screen.  Select the ring from the list and connect to the previously drawn atoms by clicking on the atom in the ring and the atom previously drawn that should be connected.

Some rings are not in the library of course.  You have three options for drawing these rings.  (a) select a ring from the library list and change it, (2) type in the number of atoms in the ring and have the generic ring builder create a ring which you will have to change where atom types and bond types are not what you want (also accessed through the Ring button) or (3) draw the atoms in the ring one by one as above and close the ring using the "Connect" button near the upper right of the screen.  Before connecting the atoms you will probably need to rotate some torsional bonds (Rotate menu/bonds).  With items 2 and 3 you will need to Minimize the molecule to get good ring geometry.

  • Making changes to atoms previously drawn:  To change the atom type click on the Change button at the left, then the atom type then on the atom to be changed.  To change the bond type click on the Change button, then the 1, 2 or 3 button and then click on the two atoms which are bonded.  To delete an atom, click on the Delete button, then on the atom to be deleted.  The delete and change modes stay on after you change an atom, so if you want to add an atom after deleting make sure you hit the "Add button".  To delete a bond hit the "0" button at the left and then click on the two bonded atoms.
  • Tips:  Clicking on the H (hydrogen) button twice is a quick way to add hydrogens to all unfilled valences.  Clicking on the Delete button twice brings up a dialog that allows you to delete whole molecules.  If you are not sure what is going to happen when you click on the screen look at the blue box. 
  • Tip 2: The Periodic Table that appears when you hit the "Other" button at screen left is linked to atomic properties.  Bring up the table then Right mouse click on an atomic symbol to bring up its properties.

 

Step by step: Drawing benzamide and water together on the screen.

  • If you have a molecule drawn clear it by clicking the Clear button in the upper right part of the screen.
  • Click on the Rings button near the screen left.
  • Select benzene from the list.
  • Click on the "1" button and the "C" button near screen left (if you have just turned the program on you don't need to do this as these are the defaults).
  • Click on one of the carbons on the benzene ring.  You have now drawn toluene.
  • Click on the "2" button and the "O" button.  Click on the carbon not on the ring.  You have benzaldehyde.
  • Click on the "1" button and the "N" button.  Click on the carbon not on the ring.  You have benzamide.
  • Click on the "H" button twice.  Select "Yes" when asked if you want to add hydrogens to all atoms. (figure 1)
  • Rotate the molecule.  Hold the right mouse button down on the drawing screen.  Move the mouse arrow around and note the effect.  Center the molecule on the screen using the "Center" button.
  • Let's display the molecule as shaded spheres.  Go to the Display menu.  Choose Change Display Mode from the menu.  Check the Space Filling box.  Hit Done. (figure 2)

 

 

Figure 1

Figure 2

 

  • You can also view the molecule in a separate window with much better graphics capabilities. In the upper left of the window, next to the Clear button is a little picture of a molecule. Click on this. Rotate the molecule in the new window by hold down the right mouse button. Translate the molecule by dragging with the left mouse button. Make the molecule larger or small with the page up and page down keys. Change the display mode using the Display menu.
  • Saving the molecule: Go to the File menu.  Choose Save Molecule from the menu.  Select MDL Molfile from the Save as Type list.  Select the directory to save the molecule to.  Type in benzamide or benzamide.mol and hit the Save button.  Opening the file the next time you use the program is similar but uses the Open Molecule menu item instead.  MMP Plus supports the following file types: MDL Molfile, Macromodel, Brookhaven pdb, MOPAC input and output files, CML (chemical mark-up language).  It fully supports input of Brookhaven pdb files but only supports the output of these files using the atom type and bond type descriptors (losing the residue and other information).  You can also input and output MDL Molfiles over the clipboard (Edit menu/Copy) and output SMILES notation (Calculate menu).
  • Add a second molecule to the screen.  Hit the "New Mol" button near the top center of the screen.  Select the "O" button.  Click anywhere on the drawing screen.  Hit the H button twice and select Yes.  You have drawn water.

 

Optimizing Geometry

 

Minimizing energy to get good 3-D geometry: 

The geometry minimizers are accessed from the Geometry menu. Choose the menu item :Minimize."

 

Use of the the Minimize Geometry window

Full MM2 is the standard geometry minimization procedure.  It finds local minima.  If you need to have sterochemistry preserved AND find global minima, run conformational analyses (first menu item on the Geometry menu) before running MM2.

Quick MM2 finds global minima but may ruin stereochemistry

If these methods don't work we recommend the Use Simplex minimization method.  This method is slow and sure.  Sometimes combining it with MM2 iteratively gives the best answers.  The Moly minimizer "Refine" routine may be a final resort if all else fails but is the least recommended method.

If you own the program ChemSite, the Amber force field and minimizer found there is a standard minimizer for macromolecules.

Figure 3

 

 

The standard minimizer in the program is a version of MM2 (Molecular Mechanics) developed by Norman Allinger and co-workers.  The version here was programmed by P. Baracic and M. Mackov and has an additional feature - the "Quick" minimizer.  Use the "Full MM2" when you want  the stereochemistry to be preserved and only desire a "local minimum" (e.g. the lowest energy model in the current conformation).  The Quick minimizer finds a global minimum energy conformation by first taking the molecule apart based on the location of torsional angles, then minimizes energy of the parts, then reattaches the bonds with a conformational analysis around the torsional bonds.  In the process the Quick minimizer uses a ring library to speed up the operation.  The Quick minimizer can destroy the stereochemistry that you carefully have built in the molecule, so keep this in mind.  Otherwise it is more powerful than the "full MM2" despite its name.

  The MM2 minimizer looks up optimum values for bond lengths, bond angles and torsional bond angles.  If an atom combination is missing from the database it returns an error.  In this case you may have to go to the Edit menu and choose Undo from the menu to retrieve your molecule.  Molecules of greater than 999 atoms cannot be run through the MM2 minimizer.  Atom combinations not typically found in organic chemistry should probably not be run through MM2 either.  If you have some of these exceptions, use the MOLY Simplex minimizer.

With the MOLY and Simplex minimizers you can see the minimization take place on the screen.  With the MM2 routine you just wait and the minimized molecule is eventually returned from the MM2 DLL.

 

Conformational Analysis

 

Conformational Analysis is the first item on the Geometry menu.  It allows you to rotate torsional bonds while calculating strain energy due to atom atom overlap, Coulomb charge interactions and hydrogen bonding.  In the example below (figure 5) clicking on carbon atoms 1 and 2 rotates the bond shown so that the isopropyl group rotates around the axis formed by the bond.  You can rotate two bonds at once.  At the end of the analysis the program sets the molecule in the minimum conformational geometry and prints out the chart in figure 6.  Using the conformational energy routine iteratively may be necessary if you have more than 2 conformationally flexible bonds.  You also may often want to run this routine before the MM2 "full" minimizer in order to obtain global energy minima (e.g. the best possible geometry).

Figure 4

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 5 -->

                             

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 6 -->

Conformational analysis of the molecule shown in figure 5.  Bond 1 is rotation of the isopropyl group and bond 2 rotation of the amide group (the aryl-C bond forms the axis of rotation).  Strain energy is in kcal/mole with lowest energy the best conformation.

 

 

MOPAC Geometry Optimization

Perhaps the best geometry optimization method is using the PM3 force field in MOPAC.  The caveat being it too only finds a local minimum.  See the section under Quantum Mechanics for more details.

 

Geometry Optimization of whole directories of molecules

You can optimize whole directories of molecules from the menu item under the Geometry menu entitled minimize all molecules in a directory.  The process is similar to that described above for single molecules except you must additionally tell the program which directory to use.  Molecules must be stored in Macromodel or MDL Molfile formats.  Any of the minimizers can be used (MM2, Simplex, MOLY, ChemSite Amber).  The MM2 Quick minimizer was especially designed to turn 2-D molecules into 3-D molecules.  Remember, though, that it changes sterochemistry, so take some care with 3-D molecules where sterochemistry is important.

 

Creating Chemical Databases

 

Adding a molecule to a database is as simple as: a) select Save Database from the File menu of the drawing window. and Save this molecule to database from the submenu; b) select the directory and type in the database name; c) if the structure is saved in a separate file (this is an option described later) type in the structural file name and the program will do the rest.  However, if the database is not yet made there are some additional things to do which are described next.

The first step in creating a new database is the same as adding a molecule to an existing one:

·                                    Select Save Database from the File menu and Save this molecule to Database from the submenu

·                                    Select the directory.  Select the type of database from the list at the bottom.  The MAP .csv file type is no longer recommended unless you are using the old program Molecular Analysis Pro (it is limited to 72 numeric fields and MMP+ is capable of creating databases with many times more fields).  Microsoft ACCESS or XML are both fine for creating databases.  If you are going to store reactions then use ACCESS Type in the database name.  There is an incompatibility with the version of ACCESS used by MMP and Windows 10.

·                                    The next window looks much like a file saving window, but consider carefully if you want to store the structures within the database itself or as separate connection tables (e.g. MDL Molfiles, Macromodel files, Brookhaven pdb files etc.).  Storing them internally will create one very, very large file if you have a large database.  Storing them in connection table files will create potentially thousands of small files in a standard file format such as the MDL Molfile.

·                                    Next to appear is the window where you select which properties to store (figure 7).

 

Figure 7.  Property Selection Window after the Check All fast fields box has been checked.

 

In the example above the Check all fast fields (ones which are quickly calculated) was checked which caused the majority of the fields on the screen to also be checked. 

If you check any of the "Fields requiring you to choose atoms during saving" then if you later wish to add whole directories of molecules to the databases you will have to sit by the computer and select atoms in each molecule for the properties you select.  For instance if you select interatomic distance you will have to select the two atoms involved.  These properties can be useful in QSAR studies, they will just slow down batch database creation.

The fields at the bottom of the screen with the exception of Bioavailability require CNDO or MOPAC calculations and can take a minute or two to complete.  Including these fields in a large database will add hours to the time it takes to calculate the properties.  However, the properties calculated can be very useful.

Some of the property boxes select multiple properties and place multiple fields in the database.  These include the Burden CIM indices, Bioavailability, MOPAC/PM3 geometry + properties (which also does a geometry optimization using MOPAC - which will be stored), polymer properties and the Joback and Reid thermodynamics.  It especially includes the substituent indicators which will add over 160 fields (substructure fragments like the number of carbons, number of ester groups, number of amides etc.) to the database. 

See the Calculate Properties section below for more details on physical property calculations.

·                                    The program will ask you to type in a name for the molecule.  This field cannot be blank.

·                                    The database will then be created and you will be asked if you want to see it.  You should take a look and make sure that the program has done what you wanted it to do.

 

Besides adding molecules from the File menu of the drawing window, you can also add molecules to the databases from the Edit menu of the Database window.  See The Database Window - menu item descriptions.

 

Tip: A database of industrial chemicals called industrial.mdb is installed with MMP+.  This file contains over 800 molecules and can be the starting point for creation of a large database of commonly used chemicals.  It also contains information about the compounds from the literature that you may find useful.

 

Creating databases from SMILES notation

If you know how to write SMILES structures a short-cut method of creating a database from scratch is detailed in this section:

1.      Open Excel.  In the first row, write Name in column 1 and SMILES in column two.  Input the names and SMIILES strings in the two columns below these headers.

2.      You may also put experimental data (with a field name in row 1) in the EXCEL spreadsheet.

3.      Save as a Windows csv file.

4.      Open the file in MMP+ (File/Open Database).  Select .csv file as the file type.  Select the file name.

5.      The following window will appear. 

 

Checking items will case MMP+ to calculate properties of all the molecules and add them to the database.  MMP+ will automatically calculate 3-D structures, molecular formulas and molecular weight even if you check nothing.  It will look in the file models\CASNumbers.csv for a name match and if found, will add CAS numbers to the database.

            Remember to Save the database if you want to keep the changes.

 

 

Creating databases in batch mode

Besides saving molecules one at a time, there are ways to create databases or add molecules to existing databases many at a time.  If molecules are stored in a directory in one of the standard connection table formats that the program reads (e.g. MDL Molfiles, MACROMODEL files), then you can use the batch procedure in MMP+ that will take all the molecules in the directory and add them to the database.  The procedure is almost identical to saving an individual molecule.  Go to the File menu of the drawing window and select Save Database/All Macromodel files in a directory or Save Database/All Molfiles in a directory.

 

Creating a QSAR database of closely related analogs from a substructure

Draw in the substructure.  Select from the File menu of the Drawing window - Save Database/Make QSAR database...  You then select one, two or three sites on the molecule to vary and tell the program what the database name should be and where you want to store it.  You can add the molecules to an existing database or create a new one.  The program automatically will add the various substituents to the parent structure previously drawn.  If you only vary one site it adds all the substituents listed in the file aromqsar.txt (aromatic substituents) or alipqsar.txt (aliphatic subsituents).  If you vary two or three sites then it adds “x” squared or “x” cubed molecules to the database (uses the first “x” substituents in the files aromqsar.txt or alipqsar.txt where “x” is a number you choose.).  If you edit the text files be sure to save them first to a backup file (you can add substituents by editing these files if you have literature values for the fields in the files and have saved a connection table).  The physical property fields created by the routine are somewhat different than those created by other routines in MMP+.  Many of the values are substituent values from the literature (pi, mr, sterimol parameters, sigma) and are obtained from the tables in the two text files. 

Note that modifying three sites can quickly create a very large database.  For instance, setting “x” to 30 would result in 30x30x30 = 27000 molecules.  At present keep three substituent databases to “x”=31 or less (the program contains 16 bit integers with 32000 the upper limit.)

 

Step by Step - Creating a QSAR database

·         Draw benzamide.  If you need instructions, go here...

·         Go to the File menu. Select Database Save and Make QSAR database

·         Click on the hydrogen para to the amide group.

·         We will only vary one substituent site, so hit "No" when it asks if you want to vary another.

·         Name the database HelpExample and save it to the /mmp root directory.

·         Although it will take a while, let's have the program minimize with MOPAC/PM3 and save some of the quantum mechanics properties (check the third check box in figure 8 below).  We are going to create one indicator variable two so change the text box displaying a zero to a "1".  The QSAR database creation adds the substituents with a crude (30 degree) conformational analysis.  MOPAC PM3 will take care of the fine geometry minimization.

 

Figure 8.  The QSAR database creation options screen.  Each check box will save several additional calculated fields to the database.   Checking polymer properties will save a number of properties using van Krevelen's methods.  Thermodynamics saves the Joback and Reid method calculations.  Bioavailability saves the Rule of 5 calculations (0 = uptake likely), Log P (Moriguchi method) and the number of hydrogen bond acceptors and donors. Solubility parameters save a number of properties associated with solvation, like the Abraham solvation parameters and surfactant properties like HLB. User defined properties are the ones created from the Database Window’s calculate menu.  Indicator variables are useful when running this routine iteratively (e.g. using different substructure templates and merging the data).  The indicator variable values will distinguish each iterative run from the next.

 

·                  The first three letters of the Macromodel file names we will set to bap (for benzamide and para).

·                  The building block structure we will call benzamide (p-)

·                  The value for indicator 1 we will set to "1".

·                  The database will now be created.  Most of the time spent will be in the MOPAC calculations.  If the program asks if you would like to add some hydrogens, answer "No".

·                  When the program asks if you would like to open the database answer "No".

 

We now will repeat the process with meta substitution:

·         Go to the File menu. Select Database Save and Make QSAR database

·         Click on the hydrogen META to the amide group.

·         We will only vary one substituent site, so hit "No" when it asks if you want to vary another.

·         Name the database HelpExample and save it to the /mmp root directory.

·         When the program asks if you want to overwrite the database select "No".

·         When the program asks for the three letters of the Macromodel file names set them to bam (for benzamide and meta).

·         The building block structure we will call benzamide (m-)

·         The value for indicator 1 we will set to "0".

·         The database will now be created.  Most of the time spent will be in the MOPAC calculations.  If the program asks if you would like to add some hydrogens, answer "No".

·         When the program asks if you would like to open the database answer "Yes".

·         In the database window go to the View menu and select "File Card".  Your screen should be displaying something similar to figure 9 below.

 

Figure 9. QSAR database created by our step by step tutorial.  The following values are for the substituent (not the molecule as a whole) and are literature values from tables: pi (lipophilicity), MRef (molar refractivity), Sigma_meta, Sigma_para, L1 (length), B1 (minimum width), B4 (maximum width).  Indiacator 1 is "1" for para substitution and "0" for meta substitution.  The fields after indicator_1 were calculated by MOPAC.  The values before pi are molecular properties calculated by MMP+.  Tip: clicking on the gray area near the bottom ["name for benzamide (p-)(NH2) = benzamide (p-)(NH2)] will bring it full screen.  Clicking again will bring back the above view.  This allows you to view overly long text fields.

Editing Databases

 

To save changes to the databases you must go to the File/Save menu and tell the program to save the data.  Desktop databases are by default backed up every time you open one (to database filename.bak).

 

 

Basic Editing tasks

To change values simply type into the spreadsheet cells.  When you have made the changes save the data (File menu). 

 

Tip: Memo fields can contain over a megabyte of data.  Memo fields include and field named "Name", SMILES,  formula, general_information, trade_name, safety_data, and IUPAC_name.  To view all the information in one of these fields click on the gray area near the bottom of the screen containing the text information.  This will bring it full screen (you cannot edit the information here however).  To bring back the spreadsheet view simply click on the text again.

 

Definitions: Record = molecule; Field = molecular property

 

To add a new molecule to the database draw in the molecule, then go to the database window's Edit menu and choose Records(molecules) and Add Molecule.  Follow the prompts.

 

To delete a molecule, select the molecule in the database spreadsheet by clicking on it.  Go to the Edit menu and choose Records(molecules) and Delete current molecule.  Follow the prompts.

 

Record (molecule) additions and deletions do not take effect until you save the data. 

 

Reactions

 

Databases of reactions can be made as well.  These databases require two tables so must be stored in a database format that uses multiple tables like Microsoft ACCESS, Microsoft SQL Server or ORACLE.  For more information on creating reaction databases see the description HERE.

 

Substructure Searches

Load the database. Draw in the substructure.  Go to the Edit menu.  Choose Substructure Search.  The program will ask you if you want to create a dataset of the molecules containing the subset.  Usually you will want to choose NO here, especially if you have made changes to the database and not saved them.  Choosing YES will create a new database containing only the molecules containing the substructure (which you can make permanent by saving).  Choosing NO will give you a list of molecules which contain the substructure from which you can select molecules in the current database.  For more go HERE.

 

For a more complete description of the menu items in the database window go HERE.

 

Calculation of Chemical Properties from Structure

 

Physical properties are calculated from structure using methods garnered from the literature, and by the MOPAC and CNDO programs, and with methods developed internally by Norgwyn Montgomery Software Inc.  Most of these properties are accessed from the Calculate menu of the drawing window.  They also are calculated during database creation.  The basic procedure is to draw the molecule, then simply select the properties you wish to calculate from the Calculate menu.  MOPAC and CNDO properties are accessed from the Tools menu.  A description of the properties calculated are HERE.  The menu items found under the calculate menu are described in: The Database Window - menu item descriptions.  Figure 10 shows the Calculate menu.

 

With the advent of version 8 of the program, the old methods are being replaced by new methods created with the MMP Substructure Analysis routine which gives superior models of properties.  These models are documented and are downloadable from the COMMUNITY sharing page at https://www.norgwyn.com/models/Models.html.

 

Figure 10. The Calculate menu is used to find calculated values for the molecule drawn.  Most of the calculations have limitations to organic molecules containing H, C, N, O, F, Si, P, S, Cl, Br and I.  A description of the properties is found HERE.

 

MOPAC and CNDO physical property calculations and geometry optimization is done from the Tools menu.

 

Many of the menu items contain multiple property calculations.  For instance, the Solubility Parameter menu item is linked to calculations for the solubility parameter (3 methods), HLB, Log octanol water partition coefficient (Log P), water solubility, mean water of hydration, polar surface area, % hydrophilic surface area, and the Hansen 3-D solubility parameters.

 

 

Quantum Mechanics

 

Molecular Modeling Pro Plus supports two public domain semiempirical quantum mechanics programs: CNDO and MOPAC (since version 6 this is included).  The program MOPAC.exe included with this program was developed at the Air Force Academy and the version here was adopted for Windows by Victor Lobanov at the University of Florida (and used with his permission).  Semi-emipirical methods combine quantum theory with short-cuts derived from experiment.

 

The program CNDO (Complete Neglect of Differential Overlap) is the earlier of the two programs and was developed by J. Pople and co-workers in the 1960s and 1970s.  It is still thought one of the best ways to calculate partial atomic charges and dipole moments.  For most other uses, though, the MOPAC methods are more sophisticated and faster.  Pople abandoned semi-empirical methods and worked on ab-initio calculations after CNDO.

 

MOPAC was developed by J.J.P. Stewart and colleagues at the Air Force Academy.  It is actually a collection of methods semi-empirical quantum mechanics methods developed by them and by M.J.S. Dewar and colleagues at the University of Texas coupled with classical thermodynamics methods from theory.  There are four force fields/basis sets to choose from in MOPAC 6, a public domain version of MOPAC (Stewart left the Academy and has put out commercial versions of MOPAC since then).  You choose the versions from the panel shown in Figure 11.

 

·         Figure 11.  Enter the MOPAC screen from the Tools menu of the drawing window.  Choose the method to use.  The AM1 and PM3 force fields are more modern than the MNDO and MINDO methods.  MNDO and PM3 support the most atom types.  If you checke POLAR - the polarizability and first and second hyperpolarizabilities are to be calculated. THERMO - Thermodynamics calculations can be performed on molecules.  The key words FORCE and ROT also must be included. The combination of these three key words will give the user additional thermodynamic property calculations: internal energy, heat capacity, partition function and entropy for translation, rotation and vibrational energy over a range of temperatures

 

 

If you do more than one iteration (don't check 1SCF), MOPAC will find a local geometry energy minimum (i.e. will return changed, optimized atom 3-D coordinates) and MMP+ will display the new geometry.  MMP+ will also cause the MOPAC output to be displayed in a Notepad window.  If the program comes back with the message “No geometry read in for some reason,” go to Edit and choose Undo. If the starting geometry is bad minimize the structure (Geometry/Minimize menu.) Rerun MOPAC with GEOOK checked.  The limit on molecule size for this version of MOPAC is 150 non-hydrogen atoms plus 200 hydrogens.

 

For a more complete description of MOPAC and CNDO see The Drawing Window - menu item descriptions .  A description of the MOPAC output is found HERE.

 

Automated Data Analysis

Molecular Modeling Pro Plus has three methods for automated generation of QSAR/QSPR models which were designed to let chemists with a general knowledge of statistics create usable models fairly quickly. You access these methods by first opening a database. You must add the experimental data you wish to model to the database by typing it in or importing it from Excel. Next you just select either "Substructure Analysis" or "Stepwise regression" from the Analyze menu of the Database window. The Substructure Analysis routine will analyze all the molecules in your database for the unique sub-structures contained in the structures and make variables from the molecular fragments to correlate (regress) against the experimental data. The Stepwise regression model will use all the existing fields (calculated and experimental properties) already contained in the database instead of sub-structural fragments. A further explanation follows.

1. Substructure Analysis.

To access this feature: Open a database. Go to the Analyze menu. Choose the first item, "Substructure Analysis."

What this analysis will do: After you choose the property to model, this method will analyze all the structures in your database in order to create independent variables of the substructures contained within the molecules. It will then use least squares multiple regression to find the substructural features that are significantly correlated with the property and places the model in your \models subdirectory. After completing the analysis, this property can be predicted for any molecules you draw by selecting "user defined properties" from the Calculate menu of the Drawing window.

What can be analyzed: This method does not care what atom types you have in your database. It creates the substructures from the molecules themselves, not from a look-up table. You should be able to analyze any set of molecules as long as you have input the structures correctly. Molecules should be drawn in a consistent manner (e.g. if you draw nitro as N(=O)=O one time and N+(=O)O- the next it will not recognize them as the same substructure. Salts and ionic molecules are also types of molecules that can be drawn in many different ways.)

CAVEAT EMPTOR: On large databases this method will take days to complete the task. On a database of 72 structurally related molecules this method takes a few minutes to complete its task on a slow XP computer. On a database of 800 molecules containing mostly solvents and surfactants, this method took 2 hours to complete its task on a slow XP computer. On a database containing over 4000 molecules with over 1300 unique sub-structural features on an Intel I5, Windows 10 computer the program took about a week to converge. Fortunately, the computer was still usable as the task ran in the background. However, the database being used was tied up for the duration of the analysis. The length of the task is a function of your computing speed. The size of the database that can be used is limited by RAM.

Details of the Method:

The number of variables that will be generated is a function of the size and complexity of the structures in the database. The default setting for maximum number of sub-structural variables is 1500. If you get an "out of memory" error go to the Options menu of the Database window and decrease the number of variables allowed in the analysis. If using the mydata.mdb or chemelectrica.mdb database you will need to set this to about 1500 because the program will find about 1300 substructures (as of January 2018).

After selecting "Substructure Analysis" from the Analyze menu of the Database window the following Window will appear:

Explanation of this window:

1. Maximum number of causal variables: The program will calculate this based on the size and complexity of your database, up the maximum allowed (see previous paragraph). You can adjust this number here and in the Options menu.

2. Exclude by molecular weight (boxes 2 and 3): You can limit the analysis to only consider molecules between a minimum and maximum molecular weight.

3. Include only molecules with: - Check this box if you want to only want to analyze molecules containing specific atom types. You can modify which atoms you look for by adding or subtracting atomic symbols from the comma separated list.

4. Consider transformations of the data:

If checked, the program will try to determine the best transform for the data (i.e transform the experimental response parameter.)  It will do this using only for the models of the count for each type of atom as independent variables (i.e. number of carbons, number of hydrogens etc.).  The transforms of response used by MMP are a combination of: (a) multiply or divide the raw data by molecular weight and/or molecular volume, and (b) log10, square, square root or logistic and the inverse of these five transforms.  A total of 70 different combinations of these factors will be analyzed.  The program will choose one, then proceed with the rest of the analysis.  If you do not choose to consider the transformations, the program will still see if the data is better fit by dividing all the atom counts (e.g. number of carbons, number of oxygens, etc.) by molecular weight (it will not do this if you select transformations, as multiplying the response by molecular weight is similar to dividing the independent variables by molecular weight.)

5. Look at cross product and squared terms.  After the model completes the stepwise regression of all the independent variables, it will look the squares and cross products of all the terms in the model to see if they improve it further.

6. Do not amalgamate CH3, OH, SH, NH2, NO2 or halogen.

If checked, the method will use a simpler, faster set of fragments to analyze the data. You would complete the analysis sooner and perhaps have a more general model, but lose some of the structural information in the data.

MMP+ combines terminal groups, like H, OH, =O, =S, F, Cl, Br, I, NH2, #N, NO2 and CH3 with the atoms they are attached to in the default model. It also looks for concentrations of heteroatoms with structures: O[or N]C(=O) [or =S]N [orO]. If you check this box the program will only attach H, =O and =S.

If you check the box the molecule CH3CH2C(=O)NHCH2CH3 would generate the following pairs for analysis:

Number of C(H)(H)-C(H)(H)(H) pairs = 2; Number of C(=O)-C(H)(H) pairs = 1; Number of C(=O)-N(H) pairs = 1; Number of C(H)(H)-N(H) pairs = 1

If you left the box unchecked it would generate:

Number of C(H)(H)(CH3)-N(H) pairs = 1; Number of C(=O)-N(H) pairs = 1; Number of C(=O)-C(H)(H)(CH3) pairs = 1

In a database containing all kinds of molecules containing over 4000 values for log Kow, checking this box generated 400-500 unique combinations of pairs, while leaving the box uncheck generated over 1300 sub-structural features.  Leaving the box unchecked gives a model containing more chemical information, with the danger that the model will be less general.

7. Minimum probability allowed. The default is set at 0.05, the typical value used by statisticians. This appears to work even with data acquired from multiple sources from the internet. Setting this value correctly is a function of the accuracy of your data, and setting it high or low will affect where the analysis stops (how many independent variables are included in the model.) For highly accurate data this value should be set very low (molecular weight, for instance, could be set at p <=0.0001). For sharing in the literature, you may find resistance from reviewers or regulators with p > 0.05. [p = probability that an independent variable's correlation is due to chance. 0.05 means 5% probability.]

8. Use connectivity and valence indices in the analysis. This will cause the method to consider connectivity and valence indices 1 through 4 and the kappa shape index 2 in the analysis. If will not, though, force them into the model as an included variable. This feature is useful if you think the model should contain both whole molecule properties and sub-structural fragments in the model.

9. Include Hydrogen Bonding Interaction terms. The program will consider some additional variables if you check this box. It will look to see if each molecule contains more than one of the following features and will create a cross product of the number of each pair in every molecule. The H bonding groups it looks for are NH, NH2, OH, =O, COOH, SH, S(=O) and P(=O). In our example of CH3CH2C(=O)NHCH2CH3 this would create one additional term: NH x C=O. It would also create this term for the molecule O=CHCH2CH2NHCH3 (not just for amide.)

10. "Do not include molecules with formally charged atoms." Checking this box will eliminate molecules with formally charged atoms, for instance, Na+, Cl- from the analysis. It will eliminate most salts, for instance, from the analysis of the chemelectrica.mdb and mydata.mdb data sets.

11.  Alternate between forward and backward regression.  When this is checked the program will for do forward regression for a number of steps.  Next it will add all the substructural features that had p<0.05 (or the significance selected in step 7 above) to the model and do a backwards regression.  It will continue until no variable with p<0.05 or which increases r square by more than 0.0001 can be found and then do a final backwards regression.  The program will do about 10 forward steps the first time, but thereafter will do the number of forward steps you specify in the line after the check box (default = 3 steps.)  For large data sets, we recommend you keep this box checked, because it greatly speeds the analysis (answer in hours or days instead of weeks.)

      If you do not check this box, then the model will do a forward regression all the way to the end and do a backwards regression only after no more significant variables can be added.  Leaving this box unchecked can lead to a very long analysis with large, complex data sets (lasting weeks.)

12. Transform by dividing the variables by each other.  Checking this box will cause the program to consider dividing every significant independent variable by each other.  In conjunction with repeating the process (item 13 below) very complicated non-linear models are possible.  It adds one to the denominator to avoid division by zero.  A consequence of this is that it will also evaluate the  x/(x+1) transform (dividing a variable by itself plus one which describes a curve converging on one.) Checking this option will greatly increase the time of analysis and may make the model less general (while better predicting that data in the database.)  With repeated iterations (next paragraph) it can be used to model very complicated internal molecular interactions.  This feature is the one most likely to generate spurious correlations (due to the number of possible variables being much greater than the number of observations.)

13. Number of times to repeat the process (max 5): If you check cross products and division, you will usually be able to get a better model by repeating the process by going back to the step of doing a combination of forward and backward regression, then repeating the combinations and divisions steps.  The process looks like this:

Usually two iterations are sufficient (keep the default 2), but sometime three will do it, and one is often sufficient.  Iterating the process will greatly lengthen the time of the analysis.  Variables can become very complicated as cross product terms and division terms can be further multiplied and divided by each other.

14.  Comments.  If you would like to append a line of comments to the output file (author, references, explanation), place it here.  For texts longer than a sentence or so, create a separate document.

After hitting the "Done" button, a new window appears from which you will select one response parameter (usually experimental data you wish to analyze.) Select a parameter and hit "Done."

Next a window will appear asking if you wish to force some variables from your database into the analysis. This allows you to combine the molecular properties calculated by MMP with sub-structural features of your dataset.

Next you will see all the molecules in the database flash by as the program determines the sub-structural features of the molecules. The program is not looking for specific features, but creates the sub-structural variables from scratch, depending on what combinations of atoms are contained in all the molecules in the database.  After completing this, the log window appears and tells you how many molecules and variables will be included in the analysis. The program next looks for fields created that have the same exact values as other fields and for fields which have all the same values and eliminate these variables from the dataset. The program will display the names of the eliminated fields in the log window. The program proceeds with forward and backwards stepwise regression, adding parameters to the model until (a) no variables can be added that do not meet your significance level and the model r square does not improve by at least 0.0001 or (b) you hit the Cancel button. Cancelling goes to the next step in the analysis, not necessarily the end.  After completion the model will do a final backwards Stepwise regression to remove any variables that did not meet the level of significance that you specified, one step at a time starting with the least significant variable.  If you selected cross products and squared terms, it will then look at all the combinations of the variables already in the model.

The program will ask you to save the dataset created by the program to a tab delimited text file. This will save the molecule names, the response (dependent variable), the predicted values, the molecular formula, the molecular weight, the connection table link and all the independent variable values. You can open up this database later in MMP or in Excel or any other program that opens tab delimited text files. Note this data will not be particularly secure. The program will also separately save all the information in the log window to a file called mmp.txt and open it with Notepad. If you want to save this log file save the file in Notepad and give it a different name.

After saving the data the program will display the model itself, as well as charts of predicted versus response and predicted versus residual values. Residuals are response minus expected values. Clicking on the data points to the far left or right of the residuals chart will identify the outliers (poorly predicted molecules.) Often these outliers are inaccurate experimental results. The file containing the model itself is automatically stored in the mmp\models subdirectory. This file is parsed by the program and should not be changed, though you can change the name of the file. If you share this file with other people and they put it in their mmp\models directory, then they will be able to use the file to predict properties of molecules using MMP.

To predict the value of the property for a molecule not in the database or for one which does not have an experimental value do the following:

1. Draw the molecule.

2. In the Drawing window go to the Calculate menu and choose "User Defined Properties." A new window will appear with a list of user defined properties. Click on the one you want and hit Run.

NOTE: MMP+ comes with models for boiling point, specific gravity and log Kow already in the \models folder. These models are used by the program to calculate these properties, so over-writing or deleting these files will change the default method used by MMP for calculating these properties. If you are dissatisfied with the way MMP calculates these properties you can re-run the analysis by opening the chemelectrica\mydata.mdb database, adding or removing molecules, editing the literature data fields, and re-running the substructure analysis. Running the log Kow analysis took about a week on an Intel I5 processor.

COMMUNITY SHARING PAGE:

New models will be published periodically at www.norgwyn.com/models/Models.html.  You can download them there free of charge or submit new models for everyone to use that will appear on this web page.  From the web page, just download the model text file into your mmp\models subdirectory and they will be usable from the Calculate/User Defined Properties menu of MMP.

A brief explanation of what is in the file for the model:

===============================================================

The Total (uncorrected) number of 305 is the number of molecules contained in the final model. (df stands for degrees of freedom)

The number 112 next to “Regression” is the number of variables.  You usually want about 4x more molecules than variables, depending on the quality of the data.

The larger the F score, the better the model.  The probability of the F statistic being significant is shown below the table.

R squared multiplied by one hundred is the percent of the variance explained by the model.

S is the model standard deviation.  The 95% confidence level is twice this, plus or minus.

Below the analysis of variance table, you can see the first terms in the model itself.  The format is, name of the variable, the coefficient that is multiplied by the number of time the substructure appears in a molecule and the standard error, t score and probability that the term is significant (0 is a term so significant, the program could not determine the value.)

 

To predict the value of the property for a molecule not in the database or for one which does not have an experimental value do the following:

1. Draw the molecule.

2. In the Drawing window go to the Calculate menu and choose "User Defined Properties." A new window will appear with a list of user defined properties. Click on the one you want and hit Run.

NOTE: MMP+ comes with models for boiling point, specific gravity and log Kow already in the \models folder. These models are used by the program to calculate these properties, so over-writing or deleting these files will change the default method used by MMP for calculating these properties. If you are dissatisfied with the way MMP calculates these properties you can re-run the analysis by opening the chemelectrica\mydata.mdb database, adding or removing molecules, editing the literature data fields, and re-running the substructure analysis. Running the log Kow analysis took about a week on an Intel I5 processor.

2. Stepwise Regression.

To access this feature: Open a database. Go to the Analyze menu. Choose the first item, "Stepwise regression."

What this analysis will do: After you choose the property to model, this method will attempt to correlate it with a combination of all the other properties in your database. It will then use Stepwise multiple regression to find the properties that are significantly correlated with the response you choose and places the model in your \stepwise subdirectory. You can then predict the property of any molecule you draw from the Drawing window by selecting "user defined properties" from the Calculate window.

Except for using the MMP calculated molecular properties instead of substructure fragments, this method is almost identical to the "Substructure Analysis" detailed in the previous section. An additional window will appear that allows you to exclude properties from the analysis. The Stepwise method will usually be faster than the Substructure Analysis because there are fewer potential independent variables to analyze.

 

1. Maximum number of causal variables: The program will calculate this based on the size and complexity of your database, up the maximum allowed (see previous paragraph). You can adjust this number here and in the Options menu.

2. Exclude by molecular weight (boxes 2 and 3): You can limit the analysis to only consider molecules between a minimum and maximum molecular weight.

3. Include only molecules with: - Check this box if you want to only want to analyze molecules containing specific atom types. You can modify which atoms you look for by adding or subtracting atomic symbols from the comma separated list.

4. Use log molar transform: After checking this box, your dependent variable (response variable) will be transformed before analysis, i.e., y will become log10(y/molecular weight).  Note that the data will be transformed back to the original transform when determining properties of new molecules with unknown property values.

5. Take the inverse of the response. After checking this box your dependent variable will be transformed before analysis (i.e. y will become 1/y).

6. Minimum probability allowed. I have set the default at 0.05, the typical value used by statisticians. This appears to work even with data acquired from multiple sources from the internet. Setting this value correctly is a function of the accuracy of your data, and setting it high or low will effect where the analysis stops (how many independent variables are included in the model.) For highly accurate data this value should be set very low (molecular weight, for instance, could be set at p <=0.0001). For sharing in the literature, you may find resistance from reviewers or regulators with p > 0.05. [p = probability that an independent variable's correlation is due to chance. 0.05 means 5% probability.]

7.  Alternate between forward and backward regression.  When this is checked the program will for do forward regression for a number of steps.  Next it will add all the substructural features that had p<0.05 (or the significance selected in step 7 aobove) to the model and do a backwards regression.  It will continue until no variable with p<0.05 or which increases r square by more than 0.0001 can be found and then do a final backwards regression.  The program will do about 10 forward steps the first time, but thereafter will do the number of forward steps you specify in the line after the check box (default = 3 steps.)  For large data sets, we recommend you keep this box checked, because it greatly speeds the analysis (answer in hours or days instead of weeks.)

      If you do not check this box, then the model will do a forward regression all the way to the end and do a backwards regression only after no more significant variables can be added.  Leaving this box unchecked can lead to a very long analysis with large, complex data sets (lasting weeks.)

8. Transform by dividing the variables by each other.  Checking this box will cause the program to consider dividing every significant independent variable by each other.  In conjunction with repeating the process (item 13 below) very complicated non-linear models are possible.  It adds one to the denominator to avoid division by zero.  A consequence of this is that it will also evaluate the  x/(x+1) transform (dividing a variable by itself plus one which describes a curve converging on one.) Checking this option will greatly increase the time of analysis and may make the model less general (while better predicting that data in the database.)  With repeated iterations (next paragraph) it can be used to model very complicated internal molecular interactions.

9. Number of times to repeat the process (max 5): If you check cross products and division, you will usually be able to get a better model by repeating the process by going back to the step of doing a combination of forward and backward regression, then repeating the combinations and divisions steps.

Usually two iterations are sufficient (keep the default 2), but sometime three will do it.  Iterating the process will greatly lengthen the time of the analysis.  Variables can become very complicated as cross product terms and division terms can be further multiplied and divided by each other.

 

10.  Comments.  If you would like to append a line of comments to the output file (author, references, explanation), place it here.  For texts longer than a sentence or so, create a separate document.

After hitting the "Done" button, a new window appears from which you will select one response parameter (usually experimental data you wish to analyze.) Select a parameter and hit "Done."

Next a window will appear asking if you wish to force some variables from your database into the analysis. This allows you to combine the molecular properties calculated by MMP with sub-structural features of your dataset.

The list of properties will appear again and this time you select properties to exclude from the analysis (otherwise the program will look at every numeric field in the database.)

The program looks for fields created that have the same exact values as other fields and for fields which have all the same values and eliminate these variables from the dataset. The program will display the names of the eliminated fields in the log window. The program proceeds with forward and backwards stepwise regression, adding parameters to the model until (a) no variables can be added that do not meet your significance level and the model r square does not improve by at least 0.0001 or (b) you hit the Cancel button. After completion the model will do a final backwards Stepwise regression to remove any variables that did not meet the level of significance that you specified, one step at a time starting with the least significant variable. 

The program will ask you to save the dataset created by the program to a tab delimited text file. This will save the molecule names, the response (dependent variable), the predicted values, the molecular formula, the molecular weight, the connection table link and all the independent variable values. You can open up this database later in MMP or in Excel or any other program that opens tab delimited text files. Note this data will not be particularly secure. The program will also separately save all the information in the log window to a file called mmp.txt and open it with Notepad. If you want to save this log file save the file in Notepad and give it a different name.

After saving the data the program will display the model itself, as well as charts of predicted versus response and predicted versus residual values. Residuals are response minus expected values. Clicking on the data points to the far left or right of the residuals chart will identify the outliers (poorly predicted molecules.) Often these outliers are inaccurate experimental results. The file containing the model itself is automatically stored in the mmp\stepwise subdirectory. This file is parsed by the program and should not be changed, though you can change the name of the file. If you share this file with other people and they put it in their mmp\stepwise directory, then they will be able to use the file to predict properties of molecules using MMP.

After the analysis is done, to predict the value of the property for a molecule not in the database or for one which does not have an experimental value do the following:

1. Draw the molecule.

2. In the Drawing window go to the Calculate menu and choose "User Defined Properties." A new window will appear with a list of user defined properties. Click on "Go to Stepwise Directory" (unless already clicked.) Click on the property you want and hit Run.

3. ATOM BASED ANALYSIS

NOTE:  This routine uses lots of RAM and lots of CPU time and can take a long time to complete if you have a database of over 1000 molecules in it.

To access this feature: Open a database. Go to the Analyze menu. Choose the second item, "Atom Based Analysis."  This feature differs from the Substructure Analysis in two ways.  It (1) starts the substructure from specific atoms using qualifications such a charge, lipophlicity or location, while ignoring the other atoms AND (2) will create substructures of many connected atoms, going more deeply into the structures.  For instance, you could restrict an analysis of pKa to structure starting from the most positively charged hydrogen atoms or you could restrict analysis of a polymer database to starting with the two end atoms.  You could model a receptor by starting the substructures with up to 10 of the most negatively charged atoms and include distances between the atoms from left to right along the x axis.

Like the substructure analysis, this method will create substructures from the molecules in your database which will be used as independent variables in the analysis. This routine uses least squares multiple regression to find the substructural features that are significantly correlated with the property being modeled and places the model in your \atom_based subdirectory. After completing the analysis, this property can be predicted for any molecules you draw by selecting "user defined properties" from the Calculate menu of the Drawing window.

What can be analyzed: This method does not care what atom types you have in your database. It creates the substructures from the molecules themselves, not from a look-up table. You should be able to analyze any set of molecules as long as you have input the structures correctly. Molecules should be drawn in a consistent manner (e.g. if you draw nitro as N(=O)=O one time and N+(=O)O- the next it will not recognize them as the same substructure. Salts and ionic molecules are also types of molecules that can be drawn in many different ways.)

CAVEAT EMPTOR: On large databases this method will take days to complete the task. On a database of 72 structurally related molecules this method takes a few minutes to complete its task on a slow XP computer. On a database of 800 molecules containing mostly solvents and surfactants, this method took 2 hours to complete its task on a slow XP computer. On a database containing over 4000 molecules with over 1300 unique sub-structural features on an Intel I5, Windows 10 computer the program took about a week to converge. Fortunately, the computer was still usable as the task ran in the background. However, the database being used was tied up for the duration of the analysis. The length of the task is a function of your computing speed. The size of the database that can be used is limited by RAM. If you expect to routinely use this program feature on large databases, we recommend you have a computer dedicated to the task.

Details of the Method:

The number of variables that will be generated is a function of the size and complexity of the structures in the database. The default setting for maximum number of sub-structural variables is 1800. If you get an "out of memory" error go to the Options menu of the Database window and decrease the number of variables allowed in the analysis. If using the mydata.mdb or chemelectrica.mdb database you will need to set this to about 2500 because the program will find over 2000 substructures with the atom depth set to 4.

After selecting "Atom Based Analysis" from the Analyze menu of the Database window the following Window will appear:

Details of the Method:

The number of variables that will be generated is a function of the size and complexity of the structures in the database. The default setting for maximum number of sub-structural variables is 1800. If you get an "out of memory" error go to the Options menu of the Database window and decrease the number of variables allowed in the analysis. If using the mydata.mdb or chemelectrica.mdb database you will need to set this to about 2500 because the program will find over 2000 substructures with the atom depth set to 4.

After selecting "Atom Based Analysis" from the Analyze menu of the Database window the following Window will appear:

Explanation of this window follows:

Atom Selection Criteria:

1.      In the upper left you choose what types of atoms to start the substructure generation and how many.  You can choose to analyze 1-10 atoms per molecule.  You can choose select starting atoms by charge, lipophilicity or the two atoms at the two ends of the molecule oriented along the x axis.  Increasing the number of starting atoms will greatly increase the number of variables (substructures) used in the calculations.  As an example, if creating a model of lowest pKa, if you have multiple atoms with pKa values (e.g., pKa 1, pka 2, etc.) you may want to have 2 or more starting points so all are considered.

2.      You can restrict the starting atoms by atomic symbols in a comma separated list.  If you want to start the substructures with hydrogen, for instance, you would check the box “Always start substituents with atoms with these atomic symbols” and then change the text below this check box to read “H”.

3.      Analysis depth determines how deeply the program with delve into the molecule from the starting point.  For instance, if you have opted to look at the one most positively charged hydrogen atom as your starting point and have an analysis depth of 4, for n-hexanoic acid you would generate the following substructures:

·         With Amalgamate H, =O and OH checked: C(=O)(OH), C(=O)(OH)C(H)(H), C(=O)(OH)C(H)(H)C(H)(H), and C(=O)(OH)C(H)(H)C(H)(H)C(H)(H).

·         With Amalgamate H, =O and OH unchecked: H, OH, HOC, and HOC(=O)C(H)(H).

.

The depth you select will greatly impact the time it takes to compute the model.  Selecting a lesser depth will make your model more generally applicable but decrease the accuracy for molecules in the training set.  In the literature, typical models have a depth of 2 with amalgamation. 

            If your model has less than 4 molecules per variable, you may want to decrease the depth to make it more generally applicable.  If you only wish to predict values for molecules with substructural features close to the training set this may not be necessary and will decrease accuracy.  If predictions made greatly vary from experimental values, add the poorly predicted molecules to the database and re-run the analysis.

.

 

Analysis Options:

1.      Check boxes for transforming the dependent variable (the parameter being modeled.) can be checked as desired.  Your options are, 1/x, x/molecular weight and log10(x) or any combination of these three.  Use one of these transformations if the residuals have a pattern that looks like a triangle instead of pure randomness.

2.      Cross products and squares of the independent variables (e.g. the substructures) will be considered in the analysis (i.e. y1*y2,  y1*y1 etc.).  Only the variables found to be likely to be significant will be used.

3.       Divide the independent variables by each other.  Checking this box will cause the program to consider dividing every likely-significant independent variable by each other.  In conjunction with repeating the process very complicated non-linear models are possible.  It adds one to the denominator to avoid division by zero.  A consequence of this is that it will also evaluate the  x/(x+1) transform (dividing a variable by itself plus one which describes a curve converging on one.) Checking this option will greatly increase the time of analysis and may make the model less general (while better predicting that data in the database.)  With repeated iterations (next paragraph) it can be used to model very complicated internal molecular interactions.  This feature is the one most likely to generate spurious correlations (due to the number of possible variables being much greater than the number of observations.)

4.      Iterate the process.  If this number is greater than one, the program will, after determining cross products and division go back to the beginning of the analysis and repeat the process to see if there were any significant variables missed before doing the cross-products, squares and divisions.

5.      Forward step to take before going backwards.  The program will do a standard forward stepwise regression for the selected number of steps (more the first time through).  Then it will accelerate the analysis be adding all the significant independent variables it found and do a backwards stepwise regression.  Next it will do the forward regression and repeat this process until there are no more variables with 3x of the selected probability cut-off.  At the end of the analysis (including the cross products and divisions)  all the variables still having a probability above the cut-off (usually p=0.05) will be removed by a final backwards regression.

6.      Probability of chance cut-off for independent variables: The default is set at 0.05, the typical value used by statisticians. This appears to work even with data acquired from multiple sources from the internet. Setting this value correctly is a function of the accuracy of your data, and setting it high or low will affect where the analysis stops (how many independent variables are included in the model.) For highly accurate data this value should be set very low (molecular weight, for instance, could be set at p <=0.0001). For sharing in the literature, you may find resistance from reviewers or regulators with p > 0.05. [p = probability that an independent variable's correlation is due to chance. 0.05 means 5% probability.]

Molecular Properties:

1.      Include distances between [variable] atoms [variable) angstroms apart:  This check box only is enabled when you analyze more than one starting atom.  It will create independent variables for the distances between the starting atom points.

2.      A) Include partial charge and dipole moment in the analysis:  This check box causes the partial charge of the starting atoms to be included as an independent variable as well as the molecular dipole moment as calculated by CNDO.  It is available if you used partial charge as the criteria for selecting the starting atoms.

B) Include atomic lipophilicity values in the analysis.  This check box causes the lipophilicity score of the starting atoms to be included as an independent variable.  It is available if you use hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity as the determinant for the starting atoms.

3.      Restrict molecules to non-ionic molecules: Excludes all molecules with formal charges.

4.      Include molecular length width and depth in the calculations:  Includes the length (along x axis), width (y axis) and depth (z axis) of the molecules as independent variables in the analysis.

5.      Restrict molecular weight to molecules between [lower bound] and [higher bound]: You can limit the analysis to only consider molecules between a minimum and maximum molecular weight.  The default is the full range of molecular weight present in the database.

 

Use Molecular Geometry in the Calculations:

These options will only be visible if more than one atom is used as a starting point and the Include distances between atoms check box under molecular properties is checked.

1.      Sort atoms from left to right along the x axis.  The starting atoms will be sorted by their position along the x axis.  If not checked, the atoms will be sorted by how large the charge or hydrophobicity score is. 2.

2.      Orient molecules with maximum length along the x axis and maximum width along the y axis: Before doing other calculations, each molecular will be rotated so that the largest possible length and largest width perpendicular to that length is made.

3.      Rotate the molecule 180 degrees along Y is the X component of dipole moment is negative and 180 degrees around the X axis if the Y component of dipole moment is negative.  It does this AFTER rotating the molecular for maximum x and maximum y if check box 2 above is checked.  The check box is only enabled if you select charge as the criteria for choosing the starting atoms.

4.      Rotate the molecule 180 degrees so that the most lipophilic half is on the right side.  It does this AFTER rotating the molecular for maximum x and maximum y if check box 2 above is checked.  The check box is only enabled if you select charge as the criteria for choosing the starting atoms.

5.      Save changes in the atom’s orientation (i.e. if you selected any of 2-4 above) to the database.  This may save time if you repeat the analysis.  Note that if your molecular structures are stored as separate files, the change in geometry will be saved to the files, and made permanent.  If, on the other hand, you save the geometries within the database, then you must later save the database to make the changes permanent.

After hitting the "Proceed" button, a new window appears from which you will select one response parameter (usually experimental data you wish to analyze.) Select a parameter and hit "Done."

Next a window will appear asking if you wish to force some variables from your database into the analysis. This allows you to combine the molecular properties calculated by MMP with sub-structural features of your dataset.

Next you will see all the molecules in the database flash by as the program determines the sub-structural features of the molecules. The program is not looking for specific features, but creates the sub-structural variables from scratch, depending on what combinations of atoms are contained in all the molecules in the database.  After completing this, the log window appears and tells you how many molecules and variables will be included in the analysis. The program next looks for fields created that have the same exact values as other fields and for fields which have all the same values and eliminate these variables from the dataset. The program will display the names of the eliminated fields in the log window. The program proceeds with forward and backwards stepwise regression, adding parameters to the model until (a) no variables can be added that do not meet your significance level and the model r square does not improve by at least 0.0001 or (b) you hit the Cancel button. Cancelling goes to the next step in the analysis, not necessarily the end.  After completion the model will do a final backwards Stepwise regression to remove any variables that did not meet the level of significance that you specified, one step at a time starting with the least significant variable.  If you selected cross products and squared terms, it will then look at all the combinations of the variables already in the model.

The program will ask you to save the dataset created by the program to a tab delimited text file. This will save the molecule names, the response (dependent variable), the predicted values, the molecular formula, the molecular weight, the connection table link and all the independent variable values. You can open up this database later in MMP or in Excel or any other program that opens tab delimited text files. Note this data will not be particularly secure. The program will also separately save all the information in the log window to a file called mmp.txt and open it with Notepad. If you want to save this log file save the file in Notepad and give it a different name.

After saving the data the program will display the model itself, as well as charts of predicted versus response and predicted versus residual values. Residuals are response minus expected values. Clicking on the data points to the far left or right of the residuals chart will identify the outliers (poorly predicted molecules.) Often these outliers are inaccurate experimental results. The file containing the model itself is automatically stored in the mmp\models subdirectory. This file is parsed by the program and should not be changed, though you can change the name of the file. If you share this file with other people and they put it in their mmp\models directory, then they will be able to use the file to predict properties of molecules using MMP.

To predict the value of the property for a molecule not in the database or for one which does not have an experimental value do the following:

1. Draw the molecule.

2. In the Drawing window go to the Calculate menu and choose "User Defined Properties." A new window will appear with a list of user defined properties. Click on the Atom Based button.  Click on the property you want and hit Run.

COMMUNITY SHARING PAGE:

New models will be published periodically at www.norgwyn.com/models/Models.html.  You can download them there free of charge or submit new models for everyone to use that will appear on this web page.  From the web page, just download the model text file into your mmp\models subdirectory and they will be usable from the Calculate/User Defined Properties menu of MMP.

 

 

Analyze Data Manually, Part 1

Part 2 | Part 3 (PLS)

 

MMP+ has integrated into it statistical tools used in molecular design and QSPR (quantitative structure property relationships - the study of the relationship of experimental properties of molecules to chemical structure). QSAR (quantitative structure activity relationships) is the application of these techniques to biological and pharmaceutical properties of molecules, such as the inhibition of an enzyme important in some human pathology.  MMP+ also contains some graphing and charting features used in this sort of research (see next section).  When applied to chemical data instead of biological response data QSAR is called QSPR (quantitative structure-property relationships).

 

The statistical routines are accessed from the Analysis menu of the Database Window.  To use the properties you must have first created a database and opened it.  Alternatively you can use the industrial.mdb database that comes with MMP+ for demonstration purposes.  To learn about the data analysis features in MMP+ open this database now (to open a database go to the File menu in the Drawing Window, select Open Database, then choose ACCESS database from the file types and open industrial.mdb in the MMP directory). The database window will open as in Figure 12.

 

Figure 12.  Database window showing the Analyze menu.  The industrial.mdb ACCESS database that comes with the program has been opened.

 

In this initial analysis we are going to use standard multiple regression analysis.  Multiple regression is sensitive to the number of compounds relative to the number of independent variables.  Most QSAR/QSPR data sets are characterized by containing approximately 15 compounds.  In order to eliminate the possibility of chance correlations, no more than 3 independent variables should be considered for regression in the initial phase of the study.  When these conditions exist, multiple regression is the method of choice for the QSAR study.  Otherwise you may want to use partial least squares regression (part 3).

 

For purposes of demonstration we are going to model the field Flash Point, which contains approximately 360 experimentally determined values.

 

There are several possible ways to start the modeling process.  If you have no clue where to start, the Regress with all combinations, the Stepwise regression procedure and the partial least square (PLS) routines can all be considered.  In this demonstration we will use linear least squares regression and the routine Regress with all combinations.  Select this option from the Analyze menu and check the two boxes so the options panel appears as in Figure 13.

 

Figure 13.  Options panel for the Regress with all combinations routine.  We will look at all 1, 2 and 3 variable combinations of variables and look at transforming both the result parameter (Flash Point) and the causal parameters.

 

A list of variables appears and the program asks for the Response parameter.  Choose Flash_point_C from near the bottom of the list (and hit the Done button).  The list of fields appears again, this time asking for parameters to include (force into the model).  Just hit Done without selecting anything (no included variables).  The list of fields appears a third time, but this time asks if you want to exclude anything (figure 14). Click on the fields starting with name and ending with Trade Names.  Also select the fields starting with Solvochromatic_cavity_term and ending with the last field, connection_table_name as we do not want to include the experimental, non-calculated fields.

 

Figure 14.  The field list in the Regress with all combinations routine.  The example shows exclusion of text  fields not to be part of the analysis.

 

The procedure will begin its calculations, considering every combination of parameters.  Since we checked off the transformation and cross-products boxes its will also consider transform of both the result parameter (dependent variable) and the causal parameters (independent variables).  The top 50 one-variable models, transformed variable model, cross-product models and two variable models (including transforms) will print out.  Below is an abbreviated version of this print-out with only the best 5 models in each category listed (instead of 50).

 

Molecular Modeling Pro Plus 2004, Norgwyn Montgomery Software Inc.  08:04:36 04-29-2004

One variable models for Flash_Point_(C)

 

Variable             df   Intercept    Coefficient   r squared    probability

Critical_pressure_(bar)

                     360   215.768     -3.97404      0.56163      << 0.00001

-----

surface_tension_in_water

                     360  -541.294      23.9295      0.546262     << 0.00001

-----

boiling_point        360   47.3372      0.147412     0.461673     << 0.00001

-----

water_solubility     360   93.4639     -12.3763      0.388525     3.03687E-40

-----

Log_P                360   66.8162      8.48604      0.289003     1.99958E-28

-----

 

==================================================

Transformed variable models for Flash_Point_(C)

Variable             df   Intercept    Coefficient   r squared    probability

x transform:Flash_Point_(C)

1/Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point_(kJ/mole)

                     360   261.011     -7787.1       0.744842     << 0.00001

-----

x transform:Flash_Point_(C)

1/ln(connectivity_1) [+4.86681610107422]

                     360   459.642     -860.804      0.7332       << 0.00001

-----

x transform:Flash_Point_(C)^2

1/ln(kappa_2) [+8.8418798828125]

                     360   123880      -297587       0.718872     << 0.00001

-----

x transform:Flash_Point_(C)^2

1/ln(connectivity_1) [+4.86681610107422]

                     360   116635      -232747       0.716677     << 0.00001

-----

x transform:Flash_Point_(C)^2

1/ln(log_olive_oil_gas_partition_coefficient) [+25.8770092773437]

                     360   167359      -613474       0.714944     << 0.00001

 

==================================================

Cross products, divisions and subtractions of 2 variables for Flash_Point_(C)

Variable             df   Intercept    Coefficient   r squared    probability

1/Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point_(kJ/mole)*1/ln(connectivity_1) [+4.86681610107422]

                     360   236.507     -14276.4      0.743771     << 0.00001

-----

1/Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point_(kJ/mole)*ln(boiling_point) [+55.0082995986938]

                     360   284.957     -1693.46      0.740526     << 0.00001

-----

surface_tension_in_water*ln(boiling_point) [+55.0082995986938]

                     360  -252.301      2.2992       0.734733     << 0.00001

-----

surface_tension_in_water*1/Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point_(kJ/mole)

                     360   272.602     -324.658      0.723927     << 0.00001

-----

LUMO-surface_tension_in_water

                     337  -696.529     -29.7928      0.716809     << 0.00001

-----

 

==================================================

Two variable models for Flash_Point_(C)

Variable             df   Intercept    Coefficient   r squared    probability

1/Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point_(kJ/mole)*1/ln(connectivity_1) [+4.86681610107422]

                     360   271.411     -24629.7      0.808152     << 0.00001

1/Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point_(kJ/mole)*1/ln(connectivity_1) [+4.86681610107422]^2

                                        510166

-----

1/Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point_(kJ/mole)

                     337  -231.512     -4543.29      0.802904     << 0.00001

LUMO-surface_tension_in_water          -15.9342

-----

surface_tension_in_water*1/Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point_(kJ/mole)

                     337  -248.001     -187.422      0.801363     << 0.00001

LUMO-surface_tension_in_water          -16.7771

-----

1/Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point_(kJ/mole)

                     337  -230.23      -4639.37      0.800536     << 0.00001

HOMO-surface_tension_in_water          -15.5848

-----

1/Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point_(kJ/mole)*ln(boiling_point) [+55.0082995986938]

                     337  -207.114     -1023.02      0.80015      << 0.00001

LUMO-surface_tension_in_water          -15.7089

 

==================================================

Two variable models for Flash_Point_(C)^2

Variable             df   Intercept    Coefficient   r squared    probability

1/Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point_(kJ/mole)*1/ln(connectivity_1) [+4.86681610107422]

                     360   67751.9     -7887220      0.756959     << 0.00001

1/Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point_(kJ/mole)*1/ln(connectivity_1) [+4.86681610107422]^2

                                        215334000

-----

surface_tension_in_water

                     360   29844.4      2420.96      0.755017     << 0.00001

1/ln(connectivity_1) [+4.86681610107422]

                                       -180281

-----

surface_tension_in_water

                     360   28059.2      2571.22      0.751007     << 0.00001

1/Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point_(kJ/mole)-1/ln(connectivity_1) [+4.86681610107422]

                                        195313

-----

boiling_point        337  -144783       29.222       0.749497     << 0.00001

LUMO-surface_tension_in_water          -5805.75

-----

boiling_point        337  -146922       30.2855      0.74891      << 0.00001

HOMO-surface_tension_in_water          -5735.66

-----

Figure 14.  Print-out from the Regress all combinations routine (options selected: 2 independent variables, with transformations and cross-products).  See discussion.

 

The Regress all combinations routine gives us needs to be used with a degree of common sense.  It is only the first step in the analysis of the data.  In this real world example, none of the one variable models is particularly satisfying.  The best one variable model is:

 

Flash point (C) = 215.768 + -3.97404*Critical_pressure_(bar)

N=360,  r squared = 0.56163, p << 0.00001

 

Although from the probability (<<0.00001) we can deduce that their is a significant relationship between flash point and criticial pressure, it does not make good chemical sense that critical pressure is the main underlying cause in the variance in flash point.  It is more likely that they have, in part, the same underlying cause, and are therefore inter-correlated, but not cause and effect.  The same can be said of all the other one variable models.  The other statistics, N is the degrees of freedom (number of data points - number of independent variables), and r squared is the proportion of the variance accounted for by the model (i.e. in this example approximately 56%, while 44% is still unaccounted for and in the model error term).  The p <<0.00001 term indicates that there is less than an 0.001% chance that the relationship is strictly due to chance.

 

The best transformed model is much more satisfactory from a chemical stand-point.

 

Flash point (C) = 261.011 + -7787.1*1/Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point_(kJ/mole)

N = 360, r squared = 0.744842, p << 0.00001

 

This model also accounts for more of the variance in Flash point (74.5%). 

The next section has models that are combinations of two variables (multiply them, divide them, subtract them).  These models are more complicated then the transformed enthalpy of vaporization model and do not explain any more of the variance.  Because of this, we will tentatively choose the 1/enthalpy of vaporization model as better than these models.  The best of these models is:

 

Flash point (C) = 236.507 -

14276.4*(1/Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point_(kJ/mole)*1/ln(connectivity_index_1 + 4.87) )

N = 360, r squared =  0.743771, p << 0.00001

 

The best two variable model is a parabolic version of the cross-product model above:

 

Flash point (C) = 271.411

- 24629.7*(1/Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point_(kJ/mole)*1/ln(connectivity_1+4.87))

+ 510166*(1/Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point_(kJ/mole)*1/ln(connectivity_1+4.87))^2

                   N =  360 , r squared =  0.808152, p << 0.00001

 

Since this model is a fairly significant improvement, it will come under consideration as we develop the model.  It will be compared with the simpler one variable transformed model (1/enthalpy of vaporization) as we refine the model.  Connectivity index 1 is a measure of molecular size.  So this model implies a parabolic relationship between the inverse of the enthalpy of vaporization multiplied by the inverse of the log of molecular size.  In other words the lower the enthalpy of vaporization and the lower the molecular size, the higher the flash point.

 

The final section of results are for models of the square of the flash point, which was the best dependent variable transform found.  However none of these models explain as much of the variance as the two variable model for the untransformed values of flash point, so we can discard them.

 

At this point, we will graph the data (next section) and further refine the models (Analyze Data, part 2).

 

Graph Data

 

Molecular Modeling Plus comes with a number of 2-D and 3-D graphing tools.  The description of these tools will be demonstrated using the industrial.mdb database that comes with the program.  This is a continuation of the demonstration in the previous section.  We will look at all the tools on the Graph menu of the Database window.

 

Again, if you want to follow along and do what is described open the industrial.mdb database that comes with the program. Go to the database window.  Go to the Graph menu and select XY(2-D) plots/Simple.  For the y (response) axis select Flash_Point_C from the list that appears and for the x axis select enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point_kj/mole. 

 

 

Figure 15. The "Simple" x-y plot. Its one advantage over the advanced plot is that you can click on a data point with the mouse and the data point is identified (in this example the arrow points to PPG-24-buteth-27).  This ability make it easy to identify outliers not described by the model and wrongly entered data points.

 

You can clearly see in figure 15 that the flash point data is poorly modeled by a straight line regression to enthalpy of vaporization.  However, we know from the analysis in the previous section that there is a much better relationship between flash point and the inverse of enthalpy of vaporization.  We can see this relationship using the advanced graphing feature.

Go to the Graph menu.  Select XY (2-D) plots/Advanced.  For the y axis select Flash_Point_C from the list that appears and for the x axis select enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point_kj/mole.  Answer the question about wanting a second y axis "No".  The options panel appears as in figure 16.  Fill in the options as shown.

 

Figure 16.  The options panel for the "advanced" 2-D XY plot.  We are going to color the plot by a third variable (connectivity index 1).  The minimum and maximum x and y values have been rounded for better looking graph labels.  We also are requesting that the x axis undergo the 1/x transform.

 

Hit the done button in the options panel.  The list of fields again appears so you can select the field to color the data points by.  Select connectivity_1 from the list.  The plot in figure 17 appears.

 

Figure 17.  Example of the XY (2-D) "advanced" plot.  Flash point is fairly well correlated with 1/enthalpy of vaporization (the curve drawn through the data points is that made by the linear least squares regression model).  Data points are colored by a third variable (connectivity index 1).  It appears that enthalpy of vaporization and connectivity index 1 are probably also intercorrelated as the colors of the data points are clustered.  The model flash point = 1/enthalpy of vaporization accounts for about 75% of the variance for 360 values of flash point of solvents and surfactants found in the industrial.mdb database.  Most of the values with lower connectivity indices (dark blue) are solvents and are found toward the left side of the graph.  Their behavior is different from surfactants.  The Joback and Reid enthalpy of vaporization calculation was built with solvents well-represented and surfactants not represented.  A question to ask about this model is that is the inverse transform really needed or is it reflecting inaccuracy in the calculation of enthalpy of vaporization.  Note that a very straightforward linear relationship appears to exist between flash point and enthalpy of vaporization for solvents.  These sorts of insights can only be found by plotting the data.

 

 

From figure 17 we note that The PPG-24-buteth-27 point previously noted in figure 15 is an outlier.  There is quite a bit of "slop" near the inflection point of the curve as well.  Most of the data points with a low enthalpy of vaporization are tightly clustered in a linear relationship with flash point.  A question that should be asked is if there should not be two separate models.  One for small molecules with low connectivity indices (dark blue data points) and a second model for the rest.

 

Next let's investigate the two variable models using the standard 3-D chart.  With the solubility database open and in the Database Window go to the Graph Menu and from the 3-D plot menu choose 3-D Graph.  When the program asks for the y (response) parameter choose flash point.  For the first x (causal parameter) choose enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point_(kg/mol) and for the second x parameter select connectivity_1.  Next comes the options window.  Under y (response parameter) leave all the transformation boxes unchecked.  Under x1, check 1/x1.  Also check the "Use the square of the causals" box.

 

Figure 18.  The 3-dimensional plot options box.

 

Running this routines with the settings in figure 18 generates the analysis of variance chart in figure 19 and the 3-D plot in figure 20 as well as a plot of the model predicted vs. actural values and model predicted vs. residuals (not shown).

 

                       Analysis of variance

------------------------------------------------------------------

Variation source    df       SS        MS             Statistics

------------------------------------------------------------------

Total (uncorrected) 361 6978060.7389                  F=304.47018

Mean                1   3592866.3781               rsquare=0.8109

Total (corrected)   360 3385194.3608                  s=42.46382

Regression          5   2745066.8301   549013.36602

Residual            355 640127.53069   1803.17614

------------------------------------------------------------------

Note: probability of significant F =<0.0001

 

 

 

Model coefficients and standard errors:

 

parameter           coefficient  standard error   t        prob

------------------------------------------------------------------

intercept =         340.345      12.8173        26.5534   0

1/Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point_(kJ/mole)

                   -15998.7      999.898        16.0004   6.5861E-44

connectivity_1     -0.7123       0.17697        4.02498   0.0000694934

1/Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point_(kJ/mole)*connectivity_1

                    42.1873      5.69143        7.41244   8.93892E-13

1/Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point_(kJ/mole)^2

                    175578       19755.1        8.88776   3.0396E-17

connectivity_1^2    0.00115334   0.000391426    2.94649   0.00342328

------------------------------------------------------------------

note: response variable: Flash_Point_(C)

 

Figure 19.  Example of the Analysis of variance table and model printed out by the 3-dimensional plotting routines.

 

In this analysis we are comparing a parabolic model with the two variable model found in part one.  Here are the two models side by side:

 

Two variable model from part 1.

Flash point (C) = 271.411

- 24629.7*(1/Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point_(kJ/mole)*1/ln(connectivity_1+4.87))

+ 510166*(1/Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point_(kJ/mole)*1/ln(connectivity_1+4.87))^2

                   N =  360 , r squared =  0.808152, p << 0.00001

 

Parabolic model (figure 19):

Flash point (C) = 340.345 +

-15998.7*(1/enthalpy of vaporization) +

-0.7123*connectivity index 1

+42.1873*((1/enthalpy of vaporization) * connectivity index 1) +

+175578*(square of 1/enthalpy of vaporization) +

+0.001155334*(square of conntectivity index 1)

N=360, r squared = 0.81, model and all variables highly significant

 

Which model is to be preferred?  The first model contains fewer terms with about the same r squared value and is probably the one to use.  However, as we develop the model, it will be good to keep in mind that we may be able to substitute in the parabolic model if the log(connectivity index 1) cross product begins to look suspect. Below (figure 20) is the response surface for the parabolic model.

 

Figure 20.  Response surface generated by the 3-D chart routine for the flash point model discussed above.  It is evident from the plot that flash point rises with increasing connectivity index 1 and decreasing 1/enthalpy of vaporization.  The actual model used to construct this surface is detailed in figure 19.

 

 

An alternate way of displaying this same data is the contour plot.  To generate a contour plot expressing this same flash point model of the data in the industrial.mdb go to the Graph menu.  Choose Contour plot from the 3-D Plot menu. When the program asks for the y (response) parameter choose flash point.  For the first x (causal parameter) choose enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point_(kg/mol) and for the second x parameter select connectivity_1.  Next comes the options window.  Under y (response parameter) leave all the transformation boxes unchecked.  Under x1, check 1/x1.  Also check the "Use the square of the causals" box. The options panel will again look like figure 18 except that we will accept the default graph title.  This generates the same statistics (figure 19) and will generate the plot in figure 21 instead of figure 20.  If you will compare figures 20 and 21 you will note that they really contain exactly the same information.

 

 

Figure 21.  The flash point model depicted as a contour plot.  The same information is contained in figure 20. 

 

The last type of plot is a rotating 3-D plot.  Go to the Graph menu.  From the 3-D plot menu item select Rotatable 3-D Plot. From the lists that appear select the same 3 fields as in the other examples (enthalpy of vaporization at the boiling point (kg/mole) flash point (C) and connectivity 1).  The plot in figure 21 appears.

 

Figure 22.  Investigating the relationship between flash point, enthalpy of vaporization and connectivity index 1 using the rotating 3-D plot.  This plot can be rotated about and the data points colored by values of a field to look for relationships in 3 and 4 dimensions.

 

Use the rotate menu to rotate the plot.  You can freeze the rotation at any point by holding the mouse button down.  Look for linear relationships, clusters of points and other features that when explained will give insight into the relationships between the variables.

 

The analysis of the flash point model continues in the next two sections.

 

Analyze Data Manually, Part 2

 

In this section we are going to critically examine the models generated in part 1 with the brute force Regress all variables routine.  After doing this, we will briefly discuss what the next steps are beyond the one and two variable models we found in part one (i.e. looking at more complicated models).  Some statistical training will be helpful in this section.

 

Creation of transformed fields:

Open the industrial.mdb database that comes with the program.  Go to the database window.  The first thing we are going to do is create some new fields.  Have patience here as some of these steps will take the computer a few minutes to complete.  The first new field we will create is 1/enthalpy of vaporizatiion. 

 

Go to the database Window.  Go to the Analyze menu.  Select Transform a Field. The options panel in figure 23 will appear. Select Enthalpy of vaporization... from the list at the left and 1/(enthalpy of vaporization... as shown.

 

Figure 23.  The field transform options panel.

 

When the program asks which field to store the new field end, scroll to the bottom of the list and select "New Field."  Wait.  Save the database (File, Save) to the Microsoft Access format using the file name industrial2.mdb.

 

Next we create the more complicated transformed field used in the two variable model:

(1/enthalpy of vaporization)*(1/(ln(connectivity index 1 + 4.866816017422))

 

Creating this field is a multistep process using the Analyze menu/Transform a field routine:

1. Create a field that adds 4.866816017422 to connectivity_1

2. Create a field containing the log of the field created in step 1

3. Create the inverse (1/x) of the field created in step 2.

4. Multiply the field created in step 3 with 1/enthalpy of vaporization created in the first example (figure 23).

5. Save to industrial2.mdb.

 

Multiple Regression Analysis with PRESS:

 

One variable model:

Let's look at the best one variable model from Part 1 in more detail (flash pt. = b0 + b1*1/enthalpy of vaporization).  Go to the Analyze menu.  Select Multiple Regression Analysis.  When the program asks for the y (response) variable choose Flash Point (C) off the list and check the box labeled Conduct PRESS Analysis. 

 

Figure 24.  Select y (dependent variable) from the list and check the PRESS analysis box and hit Done.

Figure 25.  Select x (independent variable) from the list and hit Done.

 

Next select 1/enthalpy of vaporization from the causal parameter list.  The following analysis will appear.  Explanations and analysis appear in the figure legends.

 

                       Analysis of variance

------------------------------------------------------------------

Variation source    df       SS        MS             Statistics

------------------------------------------------------------------

Total (uncorrected) 360 6818859.7389                  F=1066.68276

Mean                1   3523457.24432              rsquare=0.74872

Total (corrected)   359 3295402.49458                 s=48.09447

Regression          1   2467320.53578  2467320.53578

Residual            358 828081.9588    2313.0781

------------------------------------------------------------------

Note: probability of significant F =<0.0001

 

 

 

Model coefficients and standard errors:

 

parameter           coefficient  standard error   t        prob

------------------------------------------------------------------

intercept =         259.139      5.52153        46.9325   <<0.00001

1/_Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point__kJ/mole__

                   -7722.05      236.437        32.6601   <<0.00001

------------------------------------------------------------------

note: response variable: Flash_Point__C_

 

 

 

Printout of response values, predicted values and residuals:

 

                             observed     predicted      residual

acetal                      -21            27.8085       -48.8085

acetaldehyde                -40           -29.363        -10.637

acetic acid                  40            51.613        -11.613

acetic anhydride             54            62.7094       -8.7094

acetol                       56            90.1554       -34.1554

acetone                     -17           -6.97324       -10.0268

acetone cyanohydrin          63            105.799       -42.7992

...(and so on)...

Figure 26.  Analysis of variance table, model coefficients and partial print-out of the table of response, predicted and residual values for the flash point one variable model.

 

Analysis of variance table:

Abbreviations used: df = degrees of freedom; SS = sum of squares; MS = mean squared; F= Fischer's F test; r squared = proportion of variance accounted for by the model (e.g. in this example about 75%); S = model standard deviation (about 95% of the data lies within 2 standard deviations - thus plus or minus about 96 degrees C);

 

Coefficients table:

The model is  -- : flash point = 259.1 - 7722.05*(1/enthalpy of vaporization)

Both the intercept and the regression coefficient are highly statistically significant (prob <<0.00001)

 

Printout of predicted and residual values:

From this table find the largest out-liers (residuals) and determine if they have something obviously in common that will lead to a better model.  For instance, if all solvents are well-accounted for, but surfactants are poorly predicted, consider developing separate models for solvents and surfactants.

 

Contributions to PRESS (Predictive Residual Sum of Squares):

 

         Compound            Predictive discrepancy

--------------------------   ----------------------

acetal                        2405.442

acetaldehyde                  115.3149

acetic acid                   135.8609

acetic anhydride              76.35809

acetol                        1173.177

acetone                       102.0248

acetone cyanohydrin           1842.063

acetonitrile                  1.354055

...(and so on)...

 

Total PRESS = 843833.3

Sum of squares of response (SSY) = 8277222

Press/SSY = 0.1019464

The model appears to be reasonable and has passed the cross-validation test.

Figure 27.  PRESS output for the one-variable flash point model.  The larger the predictive descrepancy, the more influential the data point.  Leaving out an influential data point can greatly effect the model.  You may want to leave out some of the more influential point and rerun the analysis.  Also, as with the table of residuals (figure 26) you may want to look for obvious patterns in the types of chemistries that are influential.

 

At the bottom of the table is an assessment of whether the model meets the Press/SSY <= 0.4 cut-off.  Failure would mean that just a few data points are contributing to most of what is accounted for by the model and you may want to get rid of some of these data points and redo the whole analysis.

 

Figure 28.  Table of observed versus predicted values of flash point in the one variable model.  Outliers (data points farthest removed from the regression line) can be identified by clicking on them on the graph with the mouse.    Make sure that outlying data points are not typos (check for errors).   Consider whether the calculated field (1/enthalpy of vaporization) is likely to calculate the outlying data points well and if not exclude them from the analysis and tell the users of the model that it is not reliable for those types of molecules.   

 

Figure 29.  Plot of predicted values of flash point against the residual values (residuals = difference between predicted and observed values).  Optimally this plat is a scatter plot with completely random arrangement of the data points.  Curvature or patterns may indicate problems like intercorellation of the dependent and independent variables or the need for transformation of one of the fields or addition of a parabolic or cross-product term.  Examination of the residuals is a critical part of model validation. Compare with figure 32 and note the further discussion there.

 

 

A usual follow-up here would be to look at the second and third best one variable models (or some other model which makes good intuitive chemical sense).  Particularly we would want to be aware if these other models have one or two very large out-lying data points which if removed would give a model superior to the 1/enthalpy of vaporization model.  If they did it is likely that we would prefer one of these other models, particularly if on examination the out-lying data points have a logical reason for exclusion.

 

Two variable model:

 

  

                       Analysis of variance

------------------------------------------------------------------

Variation source    df       SS        MS             Statistics

------------------------------------------------------------------

Total (uncorrected) 360 6818859.7389                  F=770.74194

Mean                1   3523457.24432              rsquare=0.81196

Total (corrected)   359 3295402.49458                 s=41.66302

Regression          2   2675719.231    1337859.6155

Residual            357 619683.26358   1735.80746

------------------------------------------------------------------

Note: probability of significant F =<0.0001

 

 

 

Model coefficients and standard errors:

 

parameter           coefficient  standard error   t        prob

------------------------------------------------------------------

intercept =         269.413      5.25699        51.2485   <<0.00001

1/_Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point__kJ/mole___plus

                   -24378.4      998.955        24.4039   <<0.00001

Square_1/_Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point__kJ/mole

                    503119       45561.2        11.0427   1.326E-24

------------------------------------------------------------------

note: response variable: Flash_Point__C_

 

 

Total PRESS = 631855.3

Sum of squares of response (SSY) = 8277222

Press/SSY = 7.633664E-02

The model is excellent and passed the cross-validation test easily.

Figure 30.  Two variable model of Flash point.  See figure 26 for an explanation of abbreviations used in the analysis of variance table.

 

The two variable model explains about 6% more of the variance in the table compared to the one variable model in figure 26 (e.g. r squared = 0.81 vs. r squared = 0.76) and has a significantly lower model standard deviation (S = 41.66).  For a data set of this size (df = 359) this is a significant and all things being equal, this model is preferred over the one variable model.  The PRESS/SSY cross-validation value has improved substantially as well.  In the coefficients table check to see that all coefficients are statistically significant (they are).

 

Figure 31.  Plot of observed versus predicted values for the two variable model for flash point.  About 90% of the data points lie quite close to the regression line.  However the other 10% are poorly accounted for.  There are several possible explanations.  (1) wrong selection of independent variables; (2) need more terms in the model; (3) poor accuracy in flash point determination; (4) poor accuracy in enthalpy of vaporization calculation; (5) some molecule types fit in the model and some don't (examine the data points for this).

 

 

Figure 32.  Plot of predicted versus residual values for the two variable flash point model. Data points on the far left or right of the graph are out-liers. The well accounted for points are a scatter plot, but the out-liers form a pattern going from the upper left to the lower right of the screen (i.e. as the predicted value rises, the residuals become more negative).  This indicates that there is likely another term that needs to be added to the model or that the field transformation we have selected is not the right one.

 

 

What next?

The analysis presented here is only the first step.  The next step is to build on what we have found by going beyond 2 variable models.  We have plenty of degrees of freedom left (360) and with such a large data set  could comfortably add many variables.  A rule of thuimb is that there should be at least 8 molecules per variable, although it depends on what purpose the data is being used whether you can accept more or fewer variables. 

 

The process is to include the variables found in the one and two variable models above in all the more complicated models we build.  For instance, we can look for 2 and 3 variable models of flash point in which one of the variables is always 1/enthalpy of vaporization.  The analysis is done exactly as in Part 1 with the Regress all combinations routine, except when the program asks for included variables where previously we checked nothing, we now check 1/enthalpy of vaporization (results, figure 33).

 

Molecular Modeling Pro Plus 2004, Norgwyn Montgomery Software Inc.  13:54:09 05-11-2004

Variables included in every model are: 1/_Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point__kJ/mole__

 

One variable models for Flash_Point__C_

Variable             df   Intercept    Coefficient   r squared    probability

1/_Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point__kJ/mole__

                     359  -0.0249783   -6095.31      0.784338     << 0.00001

surface_tension_in_water                8.41897

-----

1/_Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point__kJ/mole__

                     359   221.921     -7059.8       0.778774     << 0.00001

percent_hydrophilic_surface             0.575727

-----

1/_Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point__kJ/mole__

                     359   278.799     -9964.1       0.771038     << 0.00001

Square_1/_Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point__kJ/mole

                                        223906

-----

1/_Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point__kJ/mole__

                     359   260.272     -7814.9       0.769263     << 0.00001

Hydrogen_bond_number                    9.20856

-----

1/_Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point__kJ/mole__

                     359   207.119     -7419.51      0.768355     << 0.00001

surface_tension                         1.39539

-----

==================================================

Transformed variable models for Flash_Point__C_

Variable             df   Intercept    Coefficient   r squared    probability

x transform:Flash_Point__C_

1/_Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point__kJ/mole__

                     303   248.543     -7919.01      0.831664     << 0.00001

sqrt(Log_P)                             6.12759

-----

x transform:sqrt(Flash_Point__C_)

1/_Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point__kJ/mole__

                     264   18.1367     -437.486      0.805329     << 0.00001

sqrt(Log_P)                            -0.16568

-----

x transform:Flash_Point__C_

1/_Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point__kJ/mole__

                     317   220.523     -7183.72      0.8041       << 0.00001

sqrt(CNDO_LogP)                         13.1627

-----

x transform:Flash_Point__C_

1/_Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point__kJ/mole__

                     329   304.009     -8328.6       0.792738     << 0.00001

sqrt(LUMO)                            -73.1153

-----

x transform:Flash_Point__C_

1/_Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point__kJ/mole__

                     359   367.166     -5176.06      0.790236     << 0.00001

1/ln(hydrophilic_surface_area) [+10.3280102539062]

                                       -456.501

-----

==================================================

Cross products, divisions and subtractions of 2 variables for Flash_Point__C_

Variable             df   Intercept    Coefficient   r squared    probability

1/_Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point__kJ/mole__

                     303   168.192     -7165.99      0.845318     << 0.00001

sqrt(Log_P)-surface_tension_in_water^2 -0.104649

-----

1/_Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point__kJ/mole__

                     303   210.892     -6852.07      0.841105     << 0.00001

sqrt(Log_P)*surface_tension_in_water^2  0.0183651

-----

1/_Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point__kJ/mole__

                     303   153.8       -7871.62      0.839776     << 0.00001

surface_tension_in_water-sqrt(Log_P)    4.21706

-----

1/_Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point__kJ/mole__

                     292   274.532     -8036.35      0.838247     << 0.00001

sqrt(Log_P)*1/connectivity_3           -18.7291

-----

1/_Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point__kJ/mole__

                     303   258.244     -8332.88      0.838074     << 0.00001

water_content_70%_RH__moles_-sqrt(Log_P)

                                       -9.86567

-----

==================================================

Two variable models for Flash_Point__C_

Variable             df   Intercept    Coefficient   r squared    probability

1/_Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point__kJ/mole__

                     303   37.8682     -6105.12      0.856495     << 0.00001

water_solubility                       -4.28045

surface_tension_in_water-sqrt(Log_P)    7.20953

-----

1/_Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point__kJ/mole__

                     303  -43.2173     -5512.44      0.856362     << 0.00001

Log_P                                   4.47645

surface_tension_in_water-sqrt(Log_P)    9.30119

-----

1/_Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point__kJ/mole__

                     303   127.598     -6009.68      0.854661     << 0.00001

water_solubility                       -2.88661

sqrt(Log_P)-surface_tension_in_water^2 -0.123239

-----

1/_Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point__kJ/mole__

                     303   17.2268     -4808.2       0.854414     << 0.00001

ln(1/_connectivity_1_) [+0.01]         -34.3467

surface_tension_in_water-sqrt(Log_P)    4.67267

-----

1/_Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point__kJ/mole__

                     303   208.448     -7299.08      0.854263     << 0.00001

percent_hydrophilic_surface             0.632755

water_content_70%_RH__moles_-sqrt(Log_P)

                                       -16.5484

Figure 33.  Print-out for Regress with All Combinations routine for the next iteration of the flash point model with 1/enthalpy of vaporization included in all models.  The next step would be to graph the best models and run them through the detailed multiple regression analysis with PRESS.  Then include another variable and reiterate and so on until it is impossible to add another variable with statistical significance (p for every variable must be <0.05).

 

The two variable model containing 1/enthalpy of vaporization and square root of log P (r square = 0.83) looks like a possible improvement over the two variable model previously investigated.

 

Alternatively instead of the Regress with All Combinations tool we could use the Stepwise routine to quickly look for models up to 10 or even 20 variables (the Regress al Combinations tool is much more thorough, but takes several iterations of model checking and building the Included variable list - i.e. it will take some time to build a large model). 

 

Always ask the question does the model make good chemical sense.  Be particularly suspicious when a new independent variable is added that is highly correlated to another independent variable, as it is likely that is explaining one or two inaccurately measured data points.  Examine the plot of residuals to make sure they look random.  If not you may have the wrong variables in the model or need a transformation of the dependent variable or one or more independent variables.  As you add variables and the model grows in complexity it may be harder to judge by intuition whether the model makes sense.

 

Modeling a subset of the data

The flash point data for low molecular weight molecules (and low connectivity index 1)  when graphed appeared better correlated to enthalpy of vaporization than the whole data set.  You can do a separate analysis for just this subset.  To subset the data, go to the Edit menu and select Subset by text or numeric value.  Choose to subset by connectivity_1 and choose the maximum value of 4.5 to subset by.  Rerun the analysis.  What you will find is that you will not have to transform the enthalpy of vaporization values, that the model r squares are much improved, but that the model standard deviation is significantly lower - so the models obtained will be more accurate than the ones for the whole data set when predicting flash point values of solvent sized molecules.  You can restore the original data set by going to the Edit menu and selecting Restore subsetted data.

 

Restricting the size further by subsetting the data with maximum molecular weight of 100 and allowing values from the literature in the calculations gives these "best" models when Regressed with All Combinations:

 

Flash point (C) = -53.3981 + 0.68443*Literature_Boiling_Point_C

N=227,  r squared = 0.850624,  p<< 0.00001

 

And

 

Flash point (C) = -52.4996 -12.0857*CIM_7  + 0.760654* Literature_Boiling_Point_C

N = 209,  r squared =  0.913709,  p<< 0.00001

 

 

Analyze Data Manually, Part 3 - PLS

 

In parts 1 and 2 we looked at linear least squares regression techniques in generating a model for flash point.  In this section we will look at use of partial least squares regression to model the same flash point data as in parts 1 and 2.

 

Partial least squares (PLS) analysis is an alternative to ordinary multiple regression analysis that has advantages if:

 

a) your causal (x, independent) variables are inter-correlated.  For instance here is the correlation matrix for one of the models presented in Part 2 (correlation matrix obtained from Principle Components Regression routine).

 

Correlation matrix for regression variables

 

                             Flash_Point  1/_Enthalpy  sqrt(log P)

Flash_Point__C_              1.           -0.90519     0.73105

1/_Enthalpy_of_vaporization -0.90519     1.           -0.78007

square_root(Log_P)           0.73105      -0.78007     1.

 

As you can see, enthalpy of vaporization and the square root of log P are highly intercorrelated.

 

b) you have a high ratio of causal (x, independent) variables to observations (multiple regression works best if there are no less than 4 observations per causal (independent) variable). 

 

Multiple regression may still be used in the above cases, but answers may be “biased”.  The PLS technique, popularized in the late 1980s, attempts to address these problems. 

 

Application to the flash point model:

Like the other routines, this analysis uses the industrial.mdb database that comes with the program.  Open this database and go to the Analysis menu of the database window.  Select Partial Least Squares Regression from the menu.  Select flash point from the list of fields and restrict the number of principle components to 25.  After quite a while (these calculations take time) you will be presented with some preliminary cross validation results, and the program will ask you to choose the number of principle components to use.

 

 

Figure 34.  It is good for models have the cross-validation ration (PRESS/sum of squares of Y) of <0.5.  In fact none of the models here meet that criterion.  The "sweet spots" (minimized cross-validation ratios) are for the 1 component and 4 component models.  We will examine the 4 component models more thoroughly below.

Figure 35.  Normally we would not be interested in any of the higher principle component models shown here because of the very high cross-validation ratios.  In fact each additional component is explaining the variance for one or fewer data points in these models.  However, we will ignore this for purposes of demonstration and look at the 18 component model.

Figure 36.  After you select the number of components the program will more quickly calculate the final model.  Then it will offer the user a chance to look at the models graphically.  You should always look at the plots of observed vs. predicted values and observed or predicted values versus residuals.

Figure 37.  The plot of the four component models of flash point (observed versus predicted).  There is one obvious out-lier that should be examined and explained or removed.

Figure 38.  The 18 component model of flash point.  There are three data points clumped that may be out-liers.  If they are similar types of molecules that occur no where else in the data set, they can be removed as long as in the instructions to those using the model a warning is given that the model does not apply to this type of molecule.

 

PLS component 1 :

 

X variance explained, this component:  0.558255525962759

accumulated:  0.558255525962759

 

Y variance explained, this component:  0.632356946005208

accumulated:  0.632356946005208

 

 

PLS component 2 :

 

X variance explained, this component:  0.210855353598904

accumulated:  0.769110879561663

 

Y variance explained, this component:  5.97700779226291E-02

accumulated:  0.692127023927837

 

 

PLS component 3 :

 

X variance explained, this component:  0.104635496368257

accumulated:  0.87374637592992

 

Y variance explained, this component:  4.26706340999879E-02

accumulated:  0.734797658027825

 

 

PLS component 4 :

 

X variance explained, this component:  2.86296954681797E-02

accumulated:  0.9023760713981

 

Y variance explained, this component:  7.50660083082563E-02

accumulated:  0.809863666336081

 

----------------------------------

PLS Model Regression Coefficients:

----------------------------------

 

Y = Flash_Point__C_

  -- Intercept: -137.9093

  -- molecular_weight:  0.0275296

  -- molecular_volume: -8.78747E-04

  -- molecular_length: -1.13613E-03

  -- molecular_width:  1.87833E-03

  -- molecular_depth: -1.01165E-03

  -- surface_area: -1.458387E-03

  -- Log_P: -2.320458E-03

  -- HLB:  6.647635E-03

  -- Hansen_polarity:  3.332011E-03

  -- Hansen_hydrogen_bonding:  1.253919E-02

  -- H_bond_acceptor:  2.942572E-04

  -- H_bond_donor:  3.558267E-04

  -- dipole_moment: -4.520623E-04

  -- percent_hydrophilic_surface:  3.796799E-02

  -- mean_water_of_hydration:  8.610905E-04

  -- boiling_point:  0.1456266

  -- connectivity_0: -5.591225E-03

  -- connectivity_1:  1.293165E-03

  -- connectivity_2:  1.053856E-03

  -- connectivity_3:  1.748378E-03

  -- valence_0: -7.125869E-03

  -- valence_1: -3.463916E-04

  -- valence_2: -4.808458E-04

  -- valence_3:  2.566669E-06

  -- kappa_2: -6.578427E-04

  -- water_solubility:  2.305892E-03

  -- connectivity_index_4:  1.428772E-03

  -- valence_index_4:  4.468389E-05

  -- dipole_moment_from_CNDO: -1.795975E-02

  -- H_bond_acceptor_from_CNDO: -7.366852E-05

  -- H_bond_donor_from_CNDO:  1.266422E-04

  -- HOMO:  1.2663E-05

  -- LUMO: -8.185258E-05

  -- CNDO_LogP:  1.281364E-04

  -- LogP_-_Crippen: -1.456506E-03

  -- surface_tension:  1.707584E-02

  -- hydrophilic_surface_area:  3.162643E-03

  -- surface_tension_in_water:  1.941342E-03

  -- Critical_Temperature__K_:  0.1099477

  -- Critical_pressure__bar_:  1.194533E-02

  -- Critical_volume__cm^3/mole_: -3.065991E-02

  -- Normal_boiling_point__K_:  0.1845125

  -- Normal_freezing_point__K_:  0.157135

  -- Enthalpy_of_formation_ideal_gas_at_298_K__kJ/mole_:  4.978785E-02

  -- Gibbs_energy_of_formation_ideal_gas_unit_fugacity_at_298_K__kJ: -7.055692E-02

  -- Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point__kJ/mole_:  2.585548E-02

  -- Enthalpy_of_fusion__kJ/mole_:  2.627288E-03

  -- Liquid_viscosity__N_s/m^2_:  1.769484E-03

  -- Heat_capacity_ideal_gas__J_mole_K_: -5.038143E-02

  -- Effective_number_of_torsional_bonds: -2.295547E-03

  -- Hydrogen_bond_number:  6.985848E-06

  -- entropy_of_boiling__J/K_mole_:  9.00867E-03

  -- Heat_capacity_change_at_boiling__J/K_mole_:  4.82065E-03

  -- CIM_1:  1.034556E-04

  -- CIM_2:  2.440436E-04

  -- CIM_3:  1.272485E-04

  -- CIM_4:  3.572252E-05

  -- CIM_5:  1.473604E-04

  -- CIM_6:  1.433094E-04

  -- CIM_7:  2.177646E-04

  -- CIM_8:  2.6544E-04

  -- 1/_Enthalpy_of_vaporization_at_the_boiling_point_kJ/mole__: -1.769506E-05

  -- square_root(Log_P):  1.338915E-04

Figure 39.  Part of the print-out from the partial least squared routine.  The "corrected" r squared values and the model coefficients are listed in this part of the print-out.  Examination of the model coefficients (multiply by the average size of the values) can lead to elimination of some of the fields from subsequent analyses (eliminate the fields that contribute little to the predicted flash point value).

 

 

 

 

 

Substructure and Similarity Searches

 

Molecular Modeling Pro allows several kinds of structural searching routines in the database window.

1.      Load a database.

2.      Draw a substructure in the Drawing window (e.g. a substructure is a part of a molecule)

3.      In the Edit Menu of the Database window select substructure search.  If you have not run this before, the program will create a new database of substructural keys for every molecule in the database (i.e. the number of carbons, the number of double bonds, the number of amide groups etc.).  Note that for very large databases, this will take some time.  Incidentally, you can load and use this database in Molecular Modeling Pro Plus (load an ssf file from the File menu).  The program will identify all the structures in the database which contain the substructure drawn in the drawing window.  A list of matching structures will be displayed.  Click on the names to

4.      Alternatively you can find an exact match of the molecule drawn in the Drawing window by selecting “Exact Match for Structure” from the Edit menu of the database window.  After the search is complete, the database record that matches will be highlighted in the spreadsheet.

 

The program also looks for the most similar molecules in a database to the molecule drawn in the drawing window.  This is done using the Compare menu in the database window.

1.      Load a database

2.      Draw a molecule in the drawing window (or get a structure from the database).

3.      There are then the following options for doing a similarity search

a.       Find the molecules which are closest in all the calculated properties in the database

b.      Find the molecules which are closest in the 3-D solubility parameters (dispersion, polarity and hydrogen bonding).  This might be useful for solvent or surfactant replacement in a formulation.  This routine is not affected by molecular conformation.

c.       Find the molecules which are closest in the Rule of Five bioavailability parameters (log P, molecular weight, hydrogen bond acceptor and donor, polar surface area).  This might be useful for determining which molecules in a database of analogs might have the closest property to a known drug for uptake. This routine is not affected by molecular conformation.

d.      Find the molecules which most closely match in 3-D structure – looks at size, shape and distribution of hydrogen bonding atoms.  This search might be used as a screening tool to see if any molecules in a large database should be tested for biological or other activity similar to the molecule drawn in the Drawing Window.  This may require the creation of a large database of 3-D properties as a preliminary step, so can take some time.  This routine is affected by 3-D conformation.  Similar molecules that are stored with different shapes and dimensions due to being in different conformations will not be found to be similar.  Molecular orientation, on the other hand, does not affect the outcome of this search.  

e.       Find the molecules which have the most sub-structural features in common.  This should find the closest analogs of the molecule drawn in the Drawing Window.  This search is independent of conformation and uses the sub-structural keys database.  If this database is not set up, you must do so by running the Substructure Search routine from the Edit menu (can take some time for a very large database).

f.        The final option, “Find Matching Combinations of Molecules” is the most flexible structural search done by MMP+.  You will be asked to select the properties to search under (MMP+ must be able to calculate these fields).  You will also be given the opportunity to exclude molecules in the database from the search.  This routine will not only print out the most similar molecules, but will also look at combinations of two molecules.  The combinations are calculated at 10% intervals by simply multiplying the fractions times the property values and adding them together.  This routine may have some utility in formulation research where the investigator may be interested in replacing a formulation ingredient with a mixture of ingredients.  The more similar the ingredients in the mixture are, the more likely the result is likely to work for this use.

 

Other programs

 

Molecular Modeling Plus has built-in ties to several other programs.

 

1. Support of MDL molfiles over the clipboard.  You can move molfiles from one program to another over the clipboard between Molecular Modeling Pro Plus and Chemsite, Accord, Chemical Inventory System and other programs which support this file transfer in the public part of the clipboard.

 

2. There are also built-in access through the Tools, Geometry and Display menus to Chemsite.  There are tie-ins to Microsoft Excel in the File menu of the database window.

 

3.  The companion database, ChemicaElectrica, was created using Molecular Modeling Pro Plus and can be viewed, editing and added to using MMP+.  This database contains over 5500 pharmaceutical and industrial chemicals with information on use, trade names, and over 110 fields of chemical properties.